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Topic: 有为与不为 (Read 75 times)
ADpoda1872
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有为与不为
June 24, 2017, 02:39:14 AM
#1
原标题:有为与不为
“为”,就是“做”。应该做的事,必须去做,这就是“有为”。不应该做的事必不能做,这就是“有不为”。在这里,关键是“应该”二字。什么叫“应该”呢?这有点像仁义的“义”字。韩愈给“义”字下的定义是“行而宜之之谓义”。“义”就是“宜”,而“宜”就是“合适”,也就是“应该”,但问题仍然没有解决。要想从哲学上,从伦理学上,说清楚这个问题,恐怕要写上一篇长篇论文,甚至一部大书。我没有这个能力,也认为根本无此必要。我觉得,只要诉诸一般人都能够有的良知良能,就能分辨清是非善恶了,就能知道什么事应该做,什么事不应该做了。
中国古人说:“勿以善小而不为,勿以恶小而为之。”可见善恶是有大小之别的,应该不应该也是有大小之别的,并不是都在一个水平上。什么叫大,什么叫小呢?这里也用不着烦琐的论证,只需动一动脑筋,睁开眼睛看一看社会,也就够了。小恶、小善,在日常生活中随时可见。比如,在公共汽车上给老人和病人让座。能让,算是小善;不能让,也只能算是小恶,够不上大逆不道。然而,从那些一看到有老人或病人上车就立即装出闭目养神的样子的人身上,不也能由小见大看出了社会道德的水平吗?至于大善大恶,目前社会中也可以看到,但在历史上却看得更清楚。比如宋代的文天祥。他为元军所虏。如果他想活下去,屈膝投敌就行了,不但能活,而且还能有大官做,最多是在身后被列入“贰臣传”,“身后是非谁管得”,管那么多干吗呀。然而他却高赋《正气歌》,从容就义,留下英名万古传,至今还在激励着我们的爱国热情。通过上面举的一个小恶的例子和一个大善的例子,我们大概对大小善和大小恶能够得到一个笼统的概念了。
大小善和大小恶有时候是有联系的。俗话说:“千里之堤,溃于蚁穴。”拿眼前常常提到的贪污行为而论,往往是先贪污少量的财物,心里还有点打鼓。但是,一旦得逞,尝到甜头,又没被人发现,于是胆子越来越大,贪污的数量也越来越多,终至于一发而不可收拾,最后受到法律的制裁,悔之晚矣。也有个别的识时务者,迷途知返,就是所谓浪子回头者,然而难矣哉!我的希望很简单,我希望每个人都能有为有不为。一旦“为”错了,就毅然回头。
——节选自《季羡林谈人生》
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