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银行表外业务缘何频频出事?
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Topic: 银行表外业务缘何频频出事? (Read 126 times)
Pdaoieilly
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银行表外业务缘何频频出事?
July 02, 2017, 04:29:42 PM
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原标题:银行表外业务缘何频频出事?
随着利率市场化改革的加速推进,最近几年银行业为了保持收入增速,表外业务规模快速扩张,但是由于监管和内控跟不上,所蕴藏的风险加大。今年监管层已经意识到问题的严重性,银监会清明节后的十多天里下发了7个文件,针对“三违反”、“三套利”、“四不当”进行专项整治,不过风险还是逐渐冒了出来。
近期,招商银行代销产品就出现了风险事件。6月26日,《华夏时报》报道,2017年A股市场第一只退市股——新都退(000033.SZ)已经连续16个跌停板,并将于7月6日退市,最近几日尽管有大资金进入稳住了跌势,但从目前来看投资者亏损难以避免。
招商银行为第三方代销的一款产品——招商财富-长城汇理2号专项资管计划,正是深陷这只退市股的大资金之一。从该资管产品合同来看,管理人为招商财富,投资决策为长城汇理。
“招商财富-长城汇理2号专项资管计划”备案日期为2015年11月23日,合同期限为24个月,起始规模为4亿元,成立时投资者数量为191人,基金管理人为“招商财富资产管理有限公司”。上述基金规模4亿元,合同上显示劣后资金为8000万元,那么招行代销的优先级资金部分则为3.2亿元,该产品托管人为招行上海分行,投资方向为上市公司并购重组标的。招商银行购买的是优先级产品,可见其中劣后资金为4倍杠杆放大的产品。
此前,招商财富-长城汇理2号专项资管计划产品存续期间,在招行网上银行系统显示净值为1。不过,该资管产品显示,6月19日基金整体净值已跌至0.39。
问题在于,该产品投资决策方长城汇理对新都退的豪赌,ST股在前几年作为壳资源还是市场炒作的热点,豪赌ST股很多人赚取了超额收益,但是这种思路现在已是高风险,随着IPO上市的加速,以及证监会完善退市政策,中小盘公司的壳资源价值消退,新都退的几次重组均告失败,于是这个豪赌面临了很大的风险。
上述资管产品合同显示,托管人为招行上海分行,管理费为0.15%/年,托管费为0.15%,同时招行收取1.2%的代销服务费。我国《商业银行客户资金托管业务指引》规定,托管行应该按照法律法规规定和合同约定,对客户资金使用情况进行监督和信息披露。我国之所以如此规定,是希望托管人负起监督责任。
现实的情况是,我国现在的托管银行在履行监督职责上不到位,同时,托管人对管理人的投资交易行为实际上无法进行有效监督。如上述产品合同显示,长城汇理作为普通合伙人及执行事务合伙人,独立做出投资决策,无投资顾问。
一般来说,配资产品投资ST股风险太大,招商财富-长城汇理2号专项资产管理计划合同也未写明最终投向的是ST股,只表述为投资上市公司股权。从规避高风险角度来看,招商银行作为此产品的监管者,在信息披露上存在不容忽视的瑕疵。
在这起投资风险案例中,招商银行不仅仅是产品销售方,同时还是基金托管行。投资管理人招商财富,为招商基金全资子公司,而招商银行又是招商基金的控股股东。招商银行作为基金代销的主要银行,同时兼任该只基金的托管人,既代表投资者的利益,又承担监督基金管理人运作的职责。
按照《证券投资基金法》、《企业年金基金管理试行办法》均要求托管人与管理人不得相互出资或者持有股份,保持独立性是托管银行开展托管业务的根本所在。
这相当于监督者和被监督者同是一家人,银行成为基金的主要代销机构,便不再具备托管机构的独立性特点,其监督职能更加难以发挥,甚至失效。
从该产品的合同看,招商财富很可能只是一个通道,负责为长城汇理提供融资。由此可见,这是一只典型的放大杠杆、监管套利、拉长链条的产品,这在最近几年发展起来的银行代销产品、理财产品当中并不鲜见。
未来银行业转型一个重要方向,是向主动的资产管理业务转型,这就必须加强托管行的独立性,并真正负起监督责任。以监管套利为主要目的的通道业务必须叫停。在产品销售、产品托管和资产管理人之间必须建立起严格的防火墙,这就要在制度层面对于三方的股权关系作出规定,这才是未来商业银行包括整个大资管业务健康发展的基石。
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