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罪犯可能逃脱法网?章莹颖遇害案拷问美国法治之困 内参快评
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Topic: 罪犯可能逃脱法网?章莹颖遇害案拷问美国法治之困 内参快评 (Read 137 times)
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罪犯可能逃脱法网?章莹颖遇害案拷问美国法治之困 内参快评
July 05, 2017, 06:34:21 AM
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原标题:罪犯可能逃脱法网?章莹颖遇害案拷问美国法治之困 内参快评
当地时间7月3日上午,美国联邦法院对章莹颖被害案进行首次聆讯,据报道,聆讯只进行了9分钟,克里斯滕森一言不发,其律师则表示,在最终判决作出之前,任何人都假定是无罪的。
章莹颖案在国内激起了舆论的强烈情绪,有关于美国警方在本案中的表现、当事人的下落、以及本案的审理都成为了人们关注的问题。公众不仅希望能够尽快地找到受害人、严惩犯罪人,而且也希望留学人员能够借助此案尽可能地了解国外的司法制度与安全状况,提高相应的安全意识。
公允而言,美国警方在本案中的表现并无明显的懈怠与渎职之处,其通告、搜捕与侦察行为,虽无亮点但也算得上中规中矩。但是,美国的警察系统由于制度设计的问题,难以对案件作出更为高效的反映。由于美国的政治体制高度注重分权,其公权力往往在行使过程中不仅面临阐发自三权分立的诸多正当程序的掣肘,而且要解决联邦制下中央-地方权力的协调问题。
这使得公权力的行使在效率上、协调性上都面临很大的问题,进而造成犯罪分子在制度衔接处侥幸脱逃而正义却往往姗姗来迟的怪象。在本案中,最让人痛心之处恰恰在于,尽管地方警方已经接到报案,甚至掌握犯罪嫌疑车辆的特征,但侦察能力更强的联邦执法人员,却由于程序原因不能立刻接手该案,从而错失了解救受害者的最佳时期。
尽管西方社会的法治发展有颇多值得中国借鉴之处,但坦率来说这种法治的进步也在相当大的程度上约束了公权力打击犯罪行为的手脚,从而让西方社会经常出现违法者享受法治红利,守法者反受其害的悲剧。昔日辛普森案如此,今日章莹颖案亦非没有这种可能。
一方面,美国复杂的案件审理制度,让凶嫌伏法尚存在诸多变数。从目前本案的发展态势而言,尚处于从逮捕到预审的阶段,而美国的刑事程序一般包括:逮捕、初审、预审听证、审前动议、挑选陪审团以及控诉、辩护、量刑等十几个环节,一个刑事程序走完可能前后达数年时间,如果判处死刑,更是会有长达数年甚至十数年的排队等待。其中的各个环节,都可能存在罪犯逃脱法网的不确定因素。
另一方面,尽管当前凶嫌已经落入法网,但受害者并没有找到。由于对犯罪嫌疑人“沉默权”的保护,以及禁止自证其罪的原则,警方很难有办法让凶嫌开口,而缺乏直接证据,很有可能让公诉方在疑罪从无的法庭攻防中处于不利地位。就本案而言,由于受害人始终没有找到,很可能连谋杀罪都不能成立。尽管联邦执法人员对嫌疑人进行了窃听,但就目前公开的证据来看,很可能只能起诉犯罪嫌疑人绑架的罪行。
当人们处在法学院安全的教室里谈论自由的代价、法治的代价的时候,会以轻松的口气来叙述宁纵勿枉、疑罪从无,但这种法治的进步一旦体现在现实之中,却可能带来受害者无可奈何、凶犯逍遥法外的荒诞结局。尽管在理论上,法治是保护所有人的,可它时常却对为犯罪而精心谋划的罪犯更加有利。这可能就是法治的困境。而自由的世界,通常有“野兽”出没,人们对此要有充分的准备。
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