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调查历时7年,互联网反垄断执法难在哪
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Topic: 调查历时7年,互联网反垄断执法难在哪 (Read 164 times)
adsadsx
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调查历时7年,互联网反垄断执法难在哪
July 12, 2017, 01:24:06 PM
#1
日前,因认定谷歌公司滥用其在搜索引擎领域的市场主导地位,违反欧盟规定,被处以创纪录的24.2亿欧元(约合27亿美元)反垄断罚款。
对于该处罚,谷歌方面表示,不同意欧盟反垄断监管机构所给出的调查结果,并考虑上诉。
旷日持久的调查
早在2010年,欧盟就开始调查谷歌是否利用其在网络搜索市场的主导地位打压对手。
2015年6月,欧盟正式起诉谷歌,称其利用在搜索引擎市场的垄断地位,在搜索结果中推广谷歌自家的比较购物服务,打击其他竞争对手。欧盟要求谷歌对搜索排序进行修改。
2016年6月,欧盟宣布以不正当商业行为起诉谷歌,这次涉及的业务是安卓应用。欧盟表示,谷歌滥用其市场主导地位,要求智能手机厂商预装谷歌的软件和服务,对设备厂商进行不公正的限制,打压其他竞争对手。
2016年7月,就谷歌展示某些广告的方式,尤其是在配置了谷歌搜索引擎的第三方网站上显示广告的方式,欧盟再度亮剑谷歌,认为其限制了第三方网站使用网络广告服务的范围。
虽然过去七年间,谷歌因三项涉嫌不正当竞争行为而被欧盟盯上。但是,目前仅有一项调查有了结论,即谷歌涉嫌滥用其在搜索引擎领域的市场主导地位,为其比较购物服务谋求不正当竞争优势。
涉嫌滥用市场支配地位
欧盟在相关声明中指出,谷歌“不顾(产品的)优缺点,向用户在搜索结果中展示了来自Google Shopping的内容。”
据悉,谷歌利用了网页搜索市场的优势地位,给自家的互联网服务提供了更好的出现次序,在流量方面也进行了照顾,而这被认为损害了其他竞争对手的权益。比如用户在使用在线旅游等服务时,在搜索结果中,谷歌会让旗下的旅行服务获得更好的排名。
依据相关法律,由于谷歌在欧盟地区的搜索服务市场中居于垄断地位,使得其捆绑性或融合性的各项业务或服务,很容易被认定为“搭售”。
此外,更重要的是,谷歌在搜索服务中,对于同类的自营和非自营的业务,给予不同的待遇,将更多优势资源集中在自营业务中,使得其自营业务获得不公平的竞争优势。
而这些是谷歌被认定违反相关法律且被予以处罚的原因所在。
关键概念界定模糊
整个反垄断调查前后持续了近7年之久,不禁让人疑惑,互联网反垄断执法缘何这么难?
不同于传统领域,互联网企业或平台在涉及反垄断调查中,有几个要素难以界定。
其一,相关市场概念的边界问题。根据反垄断法,要认定企业有滥用市场支配地位的不当行为,首先要确认其在相关市场具有支配地位。
但如何界定“相关市场”的范围呢?互联网服务具有全球性的特点,那么“相关市场”这一概念的范围是仅限在特定地区,还是全球范围内比较;是仅限特定服务内容,还是类似服务均纳入,这些现实性问题使得互联网反垄断调查和执法面临诸多难题。
其二,不正当竞争行为的界定问题。互联网服务具有明显的平台效应,基于已有业务孵化或承载新业务,是大多数互联网企业的选择。比如,基于QQ的用户关系链推广微信,以及基于电子商务商品信息优势,捆绑第三方支付服务等。
到底该如何界定合理创新和不当竞争,是摆在相关部门面前的重大现实问题。这也导致了很多具有明显垄断地位并有滥用市场支配地位之嫌的互联网企业或平台没有受到处罚。
这张反垄断巨额罚单,对各国加强针对互联网企业或平台的反垄断执法和监督,都具有重要的参考意义。
greenparkjjj
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Re: 调查历时7年,互联网反垄断执法难在哪
July 12, 2017, 10:26:10 PM
#2
啥时候查查GFW?
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调查历时7年,互联网反垄断执法难在哪
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