How many full nodes does currently exist worldwide? I did find the website
https://bitnodes.21.co but it says "8325 nodes" and that seems really little for the whole world. Is that correct? Or can that question just not be answered?
The number of nodes is not updated in real-time and will hence be inaccurate if some nodes decide to shut down. Those are the nodes that are currently accepting connections (ie. Hit their connection limit or don't allow new connections). It also doesn't has the ability to find every single node in the world.
Must/Will I have to choose/vote for proposals like BIP 141, 148, etc. as a Full Node? Or is this only possible for miners?
You don't have to. You can vote for BIP148 if you want to but its totally optional.