My questions are the following:
a) Does it damage the security of my Armory-wallet by exporting some Private Keys? (In other words: Is it possible in any way that someone could calculate my seed with some of my private keys?) (Ofc. I am aware, that i can not use this single address anymore!)
Yes, it totally compromises your wallet! Just one private key together with the watch-only wallet, or two private keys together are enough to calculate all remaining keys in your wallet!
b) What is the best/easiest way to import my Priv Keys so that i can spend the BCH/BTG?
c) anything you could add / recommend about this plan?
1. Create a new Armory wallet on your raspberry pi.
2. Back it up. Test the backup. Store the backup as securely as you store the backup of your previous wallet.
3. Move the BTC you want to sell to an exchange.
4. Move the rest to the new wallet.
5. Export all private keys, import them into a BCH wallet. Send your BCH and sell them.
6. Do the same with Gold, but later since many BTG wallets will steal your private keys, and run away with both BTG, BCH and BTC.