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探索认罪认罚从宽,谨守刑事法治精神
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Topic: 探索认罪认罚从宽,谨守刑事法治精神 (Read 81 times)
homewoll
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探索认罪认罚从宽,谨守刑事法治精神
December 26, 2017, 08:25:48 AM
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日前,最高法、最高检就认罪认罚从宽制度试点联合向十二届全国人大常委会第三十一次会议作中期报告。最高法院院长周强表示,下一步“两高”将加强对认罪认罚从宽制度试点中法官、检察官自由裁量权的依法监督,坚决防止发生徇私枉法、滥用职权等违法情况。
2016年9月,十二届全国人大常委会第二十二次会议授权两高在全国18个地区进行刑事案件认罪认罚从宽制度试点,迄今已逾一年。新增制度之所以需要试点,在于其并不成熟,需要在试点实践中不断摸索,从问题中寻找解决办法。对试点做系统的中期回顾,有助于具体制度与国家整体法治运行的彼此磨合,而制度的设计初衷正如周强所言,涉及“宽严相济的刑事政策”、“司法资源合理配置”、“当事人权利保障”等诸多棘手且根本的刑事法治基本问题。
在认罪认罚从宽制度中寻找与现行刑事法治语境重合的关键词,公众不难发现熟悉的“从宽”表述,传统刑诉逻辑下,“坦白从宽”的传播与普及度可能要远超其他刑诉原则。严格说来,“从宽”的决定权自始至终仅在司法裁量一端,刑事案件侦查、起诉期间的“从宽”表述,更多是一种向司法审理的建议表达,此次“认罪认罚从宽试点”亦不例外。试点中期报告显示,检察机关对认罪认罚案件提出的依然是“从宽量刑建议”,当然法院对相关从宽建议的采纳率颇高,数据显示达到92.1%。
认罪认罚从宽实践中反馈出的突出问题,以其对司法效率的影响尤为集中。刑事案件办理效率和推进速度大大提高,在提高效率的同时也要注重实体正义的维护,这正是周强在报告中强调加强对法检从业人员自由裁量权予以监督的用意所在。认罪认罚从宽试点,办案人员处理好多项关键原则的互动关系对司法实践至关重要。以“认罪”、“坦白”与公民沉默权为例,从宽是基于罪责刑相一致原则的司法判断,而非超越底线、准则的泛自由裁量。同理,认罪从宽的对应面并非对无罪辩护、不认罪进行从重裁量。从宽是刑法标准下对量刑的裁量,但法律并未赋予司法从业者以刑事标准之上的从重决定权。认罪认罚案件更多采用简易程序审理,也说明通过正常司法程序寻求裁量正义的必要性,案多人少的解决思路从来不包括对简易程序的依赖和对当事人认罪的追求。
中期报告数据显示,认罪认罚案件当事人被取保候审、监视居住比例达到42.2%,这无疑是刑事司法对羁押必要性原则具体实践的突破。现代刑事法治的原则中,针对公民人身自由的态度一直是“逮捕是例外,取保是常态”,刑诉法对逮捕设置的前置要件包括“采取取保候审尚不足以防止发生社会危险性”的要求,实践中长期居高不下的逮捕比例已经为高层决策所瞩目。非羁押类强制措施在认罪认罚案件试点过程中得到相对广泛的应用,为羁押必要性审查在刑事案件办理过程中的充分实践奠定了扎实基础。非羁押措施并非认罪认罚案件从宽的充要条件,不满足认罪认罚从宽标准不是排斥非羁押措施的理由。2015年10月,最高检、公安部联合发文要求,公安机关提请逮捕犯罪嫌疑人,应当同时移送证明犯罪嫌疑人具有社会危险性的证据,这是审慎适用逮捕措施的一个起点。此次认罪认罚从宽试点有望改变传统刑事逻辑对羁押措施的过度依赖,重申法庭在对限制公民人身问题上的决定性作用。
认罪认罚从宽制度试点,需要更充分实践和进一步调适其与现行诸项刑事法律制度的衔接。法律的生命力在于实践,具体的法律原则和精神更需要在细节的实施中得到贯彻和彰显。认罪认罚从宽制度试点,正是对诸如罪刑法定、无罪推定等宏大法治原则在实践中的探索和运用。让民众真切体会到具体司法改革对社会生活的切实影响和改变,让陌生的刑事法治原则和精神落地生根,法治思维和法治方式也需要在实践中得到普及和训练。
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