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告别“陪而不审”,夯实陪审实质化的立法初衷
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oooka
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告别“陪而不审”,夯实陪审实质化的立法初衷
December 26, 2017, 08:58:10 AM
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日前,首部专门针对人民陪审员的立法《中华人民共和国人民陪审员法(草案)》提交全国人大常委会审议。跟此前人民陪审员试点方案略有不同的是,草案将担任陪审员的年龄门槛由此前的23周岁提高到了28周岁,同时将学历门槛由此前的“大学”降到了高中。
本轮司法体制改革对听讼一方提出的要求,近期均有立法举措予以具体呼应。昨日南都社论关注法官法、检察官法修订,探讨从业人员入职条件在专业要求和年龄门槛上的标准抬高,此次陪审员法初审所给出的草案文本,则呈现年龄限制同步提高、学历标准放宽的“一高一低”表现。年龄要求体现司法诉讼对经验的强调,法律专业储备不同,则基于陪审员在司法裁量中的差异化角色定位不同。
陪审,陪的是法官,诚如最高法院院长周强在对陪审员法草案所作的说明中所言,司法实践中长期存在陪审员“陪而不审,审而不议”现象,陪审真的只是陪陪而已的尴尬处境到了必须彻底改观的时候。此次陪审员立法,与年龄、专业门槛的高低调整相比,更值得关注的是对陪审运行机制在具体化程序安排上的调整,以及对陪审员参与审理案件类型的明确。草案增设七人制合议庭,“以满足审理重大案件的需要”,而且在七人制合议庭中,明确陪审员只参与审理事实认定问题,不审理法律适用问题。
陪审员角色的制度设定,从此次立法中可以循到初衷所在。将司法审理细分事实审和法律审两部分,并给陪审员设定只参与事实认定的法律使命,意在破解陪审员“陪而不审”、“只陪不审”的局面。专业的归专业,进一步明确陪审员权属职能的意义,也在强调其参与实质化庭审过程中具体真切的作为,参与事实审理部分就不仅要发言、做判断、给出决策意见,更重要的是陪审员在司法裁量中因法律界定明确而处于真正被授权的地位。七人制合议庭中陪审员有可能扮演决定性多数的角色,在对特定案件的事实判断上有举足轻重的发言权。此前实践中陪审员之所以处于“陪”的境地,很大程度上与陪审员在司法裁量中的话语权有关,民众常见的TVB法庭戏中控辩双方对陪审团态度、角色的重视和忌惮,原因亦在于此。
与正在进行中的庭审实质化改革一样,陪审同样也需要制度层面的实质化,告别“陪而不审”的局面。新的合议庭组成机制属于具体的制度安排之一,在陪审员选任上的学历门槛放低还需要更细节的相关部署。陪审实践中,与“陪而不审”共存的还有陪审员遴选的人为安排,从一开始就消解了陪审机制实质化运作的可能性。陪审不仅是对学历要求放宽,对参与者的学科、职业背景也要有明确排除,进行事实审理的陪审员不能再由经过专业法律训练的人群充任,实践中专业法学研究者例行配合案件陪审的情况要得到改变,陪审机制对司法专业在社会阅历上的补足,要避免客观上造成另一种专业上的局限和偏见。
庭审的实质化与陪审的实质化都是司法改革所要达到的目标,后者无法自外于前者而存在。庭审的实质化强调的是居中裁量对法庭进度、局面的把控,居法庭中央不仅是表现出位置的客观中立,控辩双方要有且仅通过庭审程序为居中裁量者呈现案件的证据事实。而陪审的实质化,谋求的则是在居中的司法裁量内部,对案件审理和判断权属的具体分配。不仅是控辩双方需要从观念上改变对陪审从属角色的固有定位,包括居中专业裁量的法官对陪审员的态度,也要从“陪审员只是庭审配合者”的看法中彻底走出来。陪审员立法更是观念之变,法官不是司法裁量的配角,权力要从法庭掌控者的位置退出去,陪审员同样不再是配角,要有能力完成制度所赋予他的使命。陪审实质化改革通过立法手段予以强推,司法实践层面有赖庭审实质化进展给予基本保障,陪审员在法律划定的事实层面说了算。首先需要司法裁量在整个案件进展中权责匹配。
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告别“陪而不审”,夯实陪审实质化的立法初衷
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