Bitcoin Forum
July 28, 2024, 02:33:26 AM
Welcome,
Guest
. Please
login
or
register
.
News
: Latest Bitcoin Core release:
27.0
[
Torrent
]
Home
Help
Search
Login
Register
More
Bitcoin Forum
>
Local
>
中文 (Chinese)
>
离题万里
>
欧盟反垄断重罚谷歌,伤害所有新经济
Pages: [
1
]
« previous topic
next topic »
Print
Author
Topic: 欧盟反垄断重罚谷歌,伤害所有新经济 (Read 75 times)
onethefo
(OP)
Member
Offline
Activity: 61
Merit: 10
欧盟反垄断重罚谷歌,伤害所有新经济
December 27, 2017, 03:17:13 AM
#1
谷歌这几天有点烦。经过长达7年的调查后,欧盟于近日公布了一份调查报告。该报告称,谷歌滥用其在搜索引擎市场的支配地位,非法为其比价服务产品提供了优势,这一行为涉嫌违反欧盟反垄断法,因此将被处以高达24亿欧元(约合28亿美元)的罚款。欧盟表示,希望这一巨额罚款能对谷歌和其他互联网巨头起到威慑作用。
欧盟对谷歌的这一处罚决定一做出,就引发了各界的广泛关注——不仅是因为本案的天价罚单实在太博人眼球,更是因为作为一个新经济反垄断的典型案例,本案实在有太多可探讨和商榷之处。
欧盟认定谷歌垄断在其干扰竞争秩序
欧盟是以“滥用市场支配地位”为理由,对谷歌做出处罚的。要让这一论断成立,大体要经过三步推论:第一步,确认案件的相关市场;第二步,确认市场支配地位;第三步,认定确实存在着对市场支配地位的滥用行为。而事实上,根据给出的报告,以上每一步中,都还存在着不少争议点。鉴于对前两步的分析比较技术,笔者不打算做过多展开,而仅想把注意焦点集中在第三步,即对于滥用市场支配地位的认定上。
所谓“滥用”,就是不正当的使用。什么是不正当呢?不同的法律体系中,对其有不同的理解。例如,在美国的反垄断法中,效率标准就是最重要的标准,如果企业的某项行为损害了效率,让消费者福利下降了,那么这个行为才是不正当的。而在欧洲,除了对于效率的考量外,对于竞争本身的考虑也十分重要。如果企业的一项行为干扰了竞争的秩序,那么即使它可以提升经济效率、促进消费者福利提升,也会被认定为是不正当的。
根据报告给出的说法,谷歌对市场支配地位的滥用主要体现在通过算法修改,使本公司的比价产品会出现在更为显眼的地方,而其他同类产品则相对不容易被搜索到。这种从算法角度认定企业存在滥用市场支配地位的判断,在之前的案件中没有出现过,属于本案原创。
这种行为该不该被认定为构成滥用市场支配地位呢?显然,对于欧洲法律背景下的情况,目前的判决已经给出了答案,但如果是在美国的法律背景下,这一点恐怕很难成立。从直观上看,谷歌将自己的比价产品集成在自己的一般搜索引擎中,事实上是便利了消费者的搜索。如果谷歌将比价产品独立出来,那么消费者事实上将不得不经常去另外搜寻比价产品,其中会带来不少成本的增加和效率的损失。
反垄断该重视效率还是竞争
以上推演的两种不同反垄断目标下可能出现的结果,其实是非常值得引起我们深思的。究竟反垄断的目标是应该像美国那样更重视经济效率,还是像欧洲那样更重视竞争状态呢?
笔者个人认为,更多注重经济效率可能是更加可取的,理由如下:
第一,经济效率是竞争效率的最终评判,竞争的状态只是达到效率的一条途径,而不是全部。如果我们过分重视竞争状态,那么很可能会最终牺牲效率,这种守住过程,但失去了最终目标的做法并不可取。
第二,过分重视“竞争”,很可能反过来会伤害竞争。竞争注定是有优胜劣汰的,它在很多时候表现为非常残酷的“创造性毁灭”。而在现实中,为了衡量的方便,很多保护竞争的措施最终会蜕变为保护竞争者的措施,评价其成败的标准是市场上有多少企业在竞争。这就会使得市场上的优胜劣汰不能进行,因此从根本上是损害竞争的。
第三,如果过分强调保护“竞争”,也会束缚企业的手脚,阻碍创新的发生。曾经有位来自欧洲的朋友向我感叹,在欧洲是不可能诞生像微信这样好用的App的,因为里面集中的各种功能很快就会招来不断的反垄断官司,最终企业处于保险起见只能给消费者贡献一个个功能单一的产品。这次谷歌案的判决结果,在很大程度上证实了这位朋友的论断。
目前,我国的《反垄断法》已经走过了十个年头,围绕着它的争议一直络绎不绝。在新经济蓬勃发展的背景下,《反垄断法》的执法将面临更多的难题,其中很多来自于技术,但更多的将会来自理念。究竟我们应该怎样面对崛起的超级平台?如何评价它们的某些行为?或许谷歌案正好为我们提供了一个反思的机会。
Pages: [
1
]
Print
Bitcoin Forum
>
Local
>
中文 (Chinese)
>
离题万里
>
欧盟反垄断重罚谷歌,伤害所有新经济
« previous topic
next topic »
Jump to:
Please select a destination:
-----------------------------
Bitcoin
-----------------------------
=> Bitcoin Discussion
===> Legal
===> Press
===> Meetups
===> Important Announcements
=> Development & Technical Discussion
===> Wallet software
=====> Electrum
=====> Bitcoin Wallet for Android
=====> BitcoinJ
=====> Armory
=====> Mycelium
=====> Hardware wallets
=> Mining
===> Mining support
===> Pools
===> Mining software (miners)
===> Hardware
=====> Group buys
===> Mining speculation
=> Bitcoin Technical Support
=> Project Development
-----------------------------
Economy
-----------------------------
=> Economics
===> Speculation
=> Marketplace
===> Goods
=====> Computer hardware
=====> Digital goods
=======> Invites & Accounts
=====> Collectibles
===> Services
===> Currency exchange
===> Gambling
=====> Games and rounds
=====> Investor-based games
=====> Gambling discussion
===> Lending
=====> Long-term offers
===> Securities
===> Auctions
===> Service Announcements
=====> Micro Earnings
===> Service Discussion
=====> Web Wallets
=====> Exchanges
=> Trading Discussion
===> Scam Accusations
===> Reputation
-----------------------------
Other
-----------------------------
=> Meta
===> New forum software
===> Bitcoin Wiki
=> Politics & Society
=> Beginners & Help
=> Off-topic
=> Serious discussion
===> Ivory Tower
=> Archival
===> Корзина
===> CPU/GPU Bitcoin mining hardware
===> Chinese students
===> Obsolete (buying)
===> Obsolete (selling)
===> MultiBit
-----------------------------
Alternate cryptocurrencies
-----------------------------
=> Altcoin Discussion
=> Announcements (Altcoins)
===> Tokens (Altcoins)
=> Mining (Altcoins)
===> Pools (Altcoins)
=> Marketplace (Altcoins)
===> Service Announcements (Altcoins)
===> Service Discussion (Altcoins)
===> Bounties (Altcoins)
=> Speculation (Altcoins)
-----------------------------
Local
-----------------------------
=> العربية (Arabic)
===> العملات البديلة (Altcoins)
=====> النقاشات
===> إستفسارات و أسئلة المبتدئين
===> التعدين
===> النقاشات الأخرى
===> منصات التبادل
=> Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian)
===> Marketplace (Bahasa Indonesia)
===> Mining (Bahasa Indonesia)
===> Altcoins (Bahasa Indonesia)
===> Trading dan Spekulasi
===> Ekonomi, Politik, dan Budaya
===> Topik Lainnya
=> Español (Spanish)
===> Mercado y Economía
=====> Servicios
=====> Trading y especulación
===> Hardware y Minería
===> Esquina Libre
===> Mercadillo
=====> Mexico
=====> Argentina
=====> España
=====> Centroamerica y Caribe
===> Primeros pasos y ayuda
===> Altcoins (criptomonedas alternativas)
=====> Minería de altcoins
=====> Servicios
=====> Tokens (Español)
=> 中文 (Chinese)
===> 跳蚤市场
===> 山寨币
===> 媒体
===> 挖矿
===> 离题万里
=> Hrvatski (Croatian)
===> Trgovina
===> Altcoins (Hrvatski)
=====> Announcements (Hrvatski)
===> Off-topic (Hrvatski)
=> Deutsch (German)
===> Anfänger und Hilfe
===> Mining (Deutsch)
===> Trading und Spekulation
===> Projektentwicklung
===> Off-Topic (Deutsch)
===> Treffen
===> Presse
===> Altcoins (Deutsch)
=====> Announcements (Deutsch)
===> Marktplatz
=====> Auktionen
=====> Suche
=====> Biete
=> Ελληνικά (Greek)
===> Αγορά
===> Mining Discussion (Ελληνικά)
===> Altcoins (Ελληνικά)
=====> Altcoin Announcements (Ελληνικά)
=====> Altcoin Mining (Ελληνικά)
=> עברית (Hebrew)
=> Français
===> Actualité et News
===> Débutants
===> Discussions générales et utilisation du Bitcoin
===> Mining et Hardware
===> Économie et spéculation
===> Place de marché
=====> Échanges
=====> Produits et services
=====> Petites annonces
===> Le Bitcoin et la loi
===> Wiki, documentation et traduction
===> Développement et technique
===> Vos sites et projets
===> Hors-sujet
===> Altcoins (Français)
=====> Annonces
=> India
===> Mining (India)
===> Marketplace (India)
===> Regional Languages (India)
===> Press & News from India
===> Alt Coins (India)
===> Buyer/ Seller Reputations (India)
===> Off-Topic (India)
=> Italiano (Italian)
===> Guide (Italiano)
===> Progetti
===> Discussioni avanzate e sviluppo
===> Trading, analisi e speculazione
===> Mercato
=====> Mercato valute
=====> Beni
=====> Servizi
=====> Esercizi commerciali
=====> Hardware/Mining (Italiano)
=====> Gambling (Italiano)
===> Accuse scam/truffe
===> Mining (Italiano)
===> Alt-Currencies (Italiano)
=====> Annunci
===> Raduni/Meeting (Italiano)
===> Crittografia e decentralizzazione
===> Off-Topic (Italiano)
=> 日本語 (Japanese)
===> アルトコイン
=> Nederlands (Dutch)
===> Markt
===> Gokken/lotterijen
===> Mining (Nederlands)
===> Beurzen
===> Alt Coins (Nederlands)
===> Off-topic (Nederlands)
===> Meetings (Nederlands)
=> Nigeria (Naija)
===> Politics and society (Naija)
===> Off-topic (Naija)
=> 한국어 (Korean)
===> 대체코인 Alt Coins (한국어)
=> Pilipinas
===> Altcoins (Pilipinas)
=====> Altcoin Announcements (Pilipinas)
===> Pamilihan
===> Others (Pilipinas)
=> Polski
===> Tablica ogłoszeń
===> Alternatywne kryptowaluty
=====> Nowe kryptowaluty i tokeny
=====> Tablica ogłoszeń (altcoiny)
=> Português (Portuguese)
===> Primeiros Passos (Iniciantes)
===> Economia & Mercado
===> Mineração em Geral
===> Desenvolvimento & Discussões Técnicas
===> Criptomoedas Alternativas
===> Brasil
===> Portugal
=> Русский (Russian)
===> Новички
===> Бизнес
=====> Барахолка
=====> Обменники
===> Идеи
===> Кодеры
===> Майнеры
===> Политика
===> Трейдеры
===> Альтернативные криптовалюты
=====> Токены
=====> Бayнти и aиpдpoпы
===> Хайпы
===> Работа
===> Разное
===> Oбcyждeниe Bitcoin
=====> Новости
=====> Юристы
=> Română (Romanian)
===> Anunturi importante
===> Offtopic
===> Market
=====> Discutii Servicii
===> Minerit
===> Tutoriale
===> Bine ai venit!
===> Presa
===> Altcoins (Monede Alternative)
=====> Anunturi Monede Alternative
=> Skandinavisk
=> Türkçe (Turkish)
===> Bitcoin Haberleri
===> Pazar Alanı
===> Madencilik
===> Ekonomi
===> Servisler
=====> Fonlar
===> Proje Geliştirme
===> Alternatif Kripto-Paralar
=====> Madencilik (Alternatif Kripto-Paralar)
=====> Duyurular (Alternatif Kripto-Paralar)
===> Konu Dışı
===> Yeni Başlayanlar & Yardım
===> Buluşmalar
=> Other languages/locations
Loading...