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我们能接受“无人驾驶”出事故吗?
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Topic: 我们能接受“无人驾驶”出事故吗? (Read 103 times)
piterlove
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我们能接受“无人驾驶”出事故吗?
December 29, 2017, 02:43:48 AM
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近日,4辆被称为“阿尔法巴(Alphabus)”的无人驾驶智能公交开始在深圳福田保税区的固定线路上进行试运行,实现自动驾驶下的行人与车辆检测、减速避让、紧急停车、障碍物绕行、变道等功能。
有媒体惊呼,继无人超市、无人酒店之后,“无人驾驶公交”来了。虽然“阿尔法巴”还不是完全无人驾驶,而是有“备用”司机的,但无人驾驶已迈出实用的坚实一步。
在公众关注与震惊之余,很多人仍然对无人驾驶的安全性持怀疑态度。在一部分人的想象中,无人驾驶可以把车主完全解放出来。相比而言,忧心忡忡的人其实更多。据德勤全球汽车消费者研究,81%的韩国人对无人驾驶汽车的安全性持怀疑态度,而在中国这一比例是60%。
担心的最主要原因是,无人驾驶超出了人的自我掌控范围。人工驾驶是主动的,通过驾考学习、熟悉技术和反复练习,通常人们确信自己能够驾驭自己的汽车。无人驾驶则是将安全寄托给了机器,确切说是一套人工智能程序,这个程序会不会出错,一旦出错是否让人置于完全的险境,无法自救,这些疑问是普遍的。
这些疑问的一个假设是:无人驾驶的原则是“零错误”。人工智能是“超级大脑”,人们对它的看法是算法完美,趋于无穷精密。但这里存在一个悖论:人工驾驶也会出错,而且出错的几率更高,交通事故总会存在一定的概率。无人驾驶尽管也可能出错,但如果能够大幅降低这个概率,是否意味着造福社会?
社会对新事物的评判标准,当然会存在一个调试的过程,但如何建立评判标准,最首要的预见性。蒸汽马车刚刚发明时,“交通事故”成为新的现象,引起了普遍的社会争议。英国议会1865年通过了一部《机动车法案》,规定每一辆车必须由3个人驾驶,其中一个人必须在车前50米以外用红旗开道,并且速度不能超过每小时4英里。回顾历史,这部法案被认为“没有看清汽车发展的未来”,被世人嘲笑为《红旗法案》。
如果无人驾驶会出错,错误可能是什么,有无防范措施,都需要充分研究论证。我们观察无人驾驶的未来,需要预先把这个问题摆出来,提上议事日程。也就是说,我们要不要接受一个不完美的无人驾驶,给它创造一个适应、改变和进化的条件。
今天我们将电商、网购视为当然,而仅仅10余年前,很多国人还深表怀疑。今天真正令人类震惊的是人工智能的突破,相对而言,无人驾驶只是与人工智能相关的一个小插曲。对技术不确定性的担忧不是没有道理,但关键还是技术的安全性与成熟度。有好技术不怕不能占领市场。当前相关技术是一个全球大PK的局面,谁的技术与产品更具有竞争力,谁就能赢得接受、赢得市场。
当然,面对无人驾驶大规模应用在即,社会要有相关的价值共识,国家层面要有立法准备。目前德国已率先出台一系列伦理原则,比如将人类生命的价值和平等性放在最高优先级。美国众议院已经通过《自动驾驶法案》。要想在电动汽车、无人驾驶产业化领域占得先机,我们必须在“软件”方面好好下一番功夫。
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