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保障未成年人权益,在共识中强化司法实践
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Topic: 保障未成年人权益,在共识中强化司法实践 (Read 126 times)
onethefo
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保障未成年人权益,在共识中强化司法实践
January 03, 2018, 07:11:18 AM
#1
日前,最高检未成年人检察工作办公室负责人对外表示,检察机关正积极探索侵害未成年人犯罪人员从业禁止和信息公开制度“对一些地方的成熟做法将适时予以推广”,并强调“完善机构、从业人员准入制度”,参与推动相关立法。
最高检此次表态,借由检察机关视角对过去一年未成年人的“综合司法保护”做了梳理,事实上也坦承未成年人权益保障的制度及实践困境。2017年12月,江苏淮安某法院一场专题针对“涉强奸、猥亵未成年人”案件的集中宣判引来舆论关注,相较以往议题,此次公判大会因涉案主体的特殊身份罕见而得到社会层面的力挺,不仅是司法公开层面的案情披露,司法机关还通过新媒体渠道向社会公开涉案人员信息,包括姓名、身份证号、照片、年龄、案由等事项,并且明示要求相关案件责任人在刑满释放或缓刑、假释考验期间“禁止从事与未成年人密切接触的工作”。
对侵害未成年人犯罪涉案人员予以“从业禁止和信息公开”,在岁尾年初集中得到地方实践和高层表态的关注,也可见相关案件的公共忧虑与焦灼。几乎与之同期,反映性侵未成年人犯罪的电影《嘉年华》公映并引发热议。未成年人权益保障问题,终于从过往的烂尾新闻、贵州习水的性侵个案经年发酵到了如今的制度反馈。
“从业禁止和信息公开”并非完全没有先例的盲目探索。上世纪90年代美国新泽西州的一起性侵案促使“梅根法案”的出台,性侵未成年人犯罪涉案人员的强制登记和信息披露制度就此开始相关探索。在受法律保障的普通人合法权益中,未成年人因其缺乏防御能力以及受损后的不可弥补性而得到更多制度关照,社会各界在保障未成年人权益问题上的共识逐渐形成,争议减少之后需要讨论的更多是如何理顺和打通对特定涉案人员在从业禁止和信息披露问题上的法律授权。
梳理各地在性侵未成年人案件中的具体实践操作,一直身陷被告人隐私保护和“一罪不二罚”的困扰。事实上,信息披露的制度逻辑,基于被披露主体视角关键词在“公开”,基于未成年人及其监护人则更多是“知情和防范”。在权衡和博弈的过程中,首先需要立法层面的明确而积极的应对,仅有地方实践从寻找行为依据的角度出发援引模糊授权是不够的,而信息披露不仅是司法公开层面的要求,更应当成为具体司法裁量的一部分,这有助于解决“一罪不二罚”问题所面临的诘难。通过立法手段让信息披露和从业禁止本身成为刑法处罚的一部分,而非衍生品。当然,未成年人权益保障面临的实践困难,法律保障从文本到实践显然是个难度系数叠加的过程。性侵未成年人案件在发生伊始便直接关涉到地方司法的诸种不障,基层公职人员、富商涉案所带来的司法无力,考验本轮司法整体改革的成效和穿透力。
保障未成年人权益,最高检针对地方实践探索所做的明确表态中,首先不回避涉案人员的信息披露和从业禁止问题,其次值得注意的是对涉案机构的准入审查和限制。在未成年人权益保障过程中,机构的资质审定和准入限制,不仅需要执法层面的严苛应对,更需要司法在裁量过程中明确态度。反复爆发危害未成年人权益案件的相关教育机构、连锁企业也需要明确的法律制裁,而不光是商业逻辑下的消费者自力惩罚。在熟知和掌握侵犯未成年人案件中社会舆论反应规律之后,以往涉事商家不遗余力开展所谓危机公关,此种情况亦要警惕。社会对未成年人的权益保障必须要有合力,而不是个别机构的孤军奋战。防范、预警以及无处不在的警惕心,对于未成年人的权益保障而言并不算夸张。舆论愤怒或许随热点的波动而转移,社会共识达成之后的制度反应则不应有丝毫松懈的时间、机会和可能。
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