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欧盟提议制裁波兰:东西欧为何再次撕裂?
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Topic: 欧盟提议制裁波兰:东西欧为何再次撕裂? (Read 119 times)
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欧盟提议制裁波兰:东西欧为何再次撕裂?
January 05, 2018, 01:45:01 AM
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近日,欧盟和波兰政府就波兰司法改革的矛盾再次升级。欧盟委员会宣布波兰的司法改革违反法治原则,根据《里斯本条约》第七条,欧盟将正式开启对波兰的审查,如果通过,波兰将会被剥夺在欧盟机构中的表决权。这是有史以来首次有欧盟成员国遭遇此类调查。不过,波兰政府拒绝欧盟的指控,反而声明欧盟此举带有政治色彩且不合法。欧盟和波兰之间的关系一时间陷入僵局。更严重的是,匈牙利、罗马尼亚等东欧国家支持波兰的立场,匈牙利总理甚至声称将在欧盟理事会中就波兰制裁问题投下否决票,东欧国家抱团对抗欧盟的情势相当明显。那么,波兰国内司法改革问题为何会演化成为东西欧对立的导火索?
欧盟发动对波兰的制裁提案的直接原因是波兰现执政党法律与公正党在2015年年底上台后一直在扩大政府对法院的影响力。波兰法律与公正党是波兰近30年来首个在参众两院都赢得绝对多数的执政党,该党上台后通过一系列争议较大的法律,旨在削弱传统上在波兰政治生活中发挥重要作用的宪法法院的影响,增强波兰政府对法官任命的控制力。欧盟认为这些举措违背司法独立和分权原则,有悖于欧洲价值观和标准。但是波兰拒绝接受欧盟批评,反而进一步推进司法改革,在矛盾升级的背景下,欧盟委员会将波兰纳入拟制裁对象。
波兰司法改革不是近年来欧盟和东欧部分国家发生争端的唯一领域,在媒体管制、难民接收、欧俄关系,乃至对欧盟未来定位上面,波兰、匈牙利等东欧国家和西欧国家立场存在较大分歧。而欧盟核心国家德国、法国等似乎对于东欧国家融入欧洲进程不抱有乐观态度,仅仅在十年前,“是的,我们是欧洲人!”还是波兰加入欧盟公投期间最流行的标语,当时波兰等东欧国家从政府到民众对欧盟的热情远远高于西欧,为何今天东欧却和西欧渐行渐远呢?笔者认为是2014年至2016年欧洲遭遇的三次危机———乌克兰危机、难民危机和英国脱欧危机暴露了东欧和西欧在国情、利益诉求甚至价值观上的差异,双方矛盾从此不断加深。
2014年3月开启的乌克兰战争和俄罗斯兼并克里米亚的行动激化了西方和俄罗斯的矛盾。美国及其欧盟对俄罗斯施加严厉制裁。但是在此过程中,中东欧国家和西欧国家的态度出现了微妙的差别。中东欧国家地处对俄军事冲突的第一线,他们希望北约军队直接进驻以遏制俄罗斯,同时呼吁给俄罗斯最严厉的制裁。西欧国家虽然参加了制裁行动,但仍然寄希望于乌克兰危机的政治解决。东西欧之间在安全方面存在诉求差异和利益冲突,这次导致东欧针对西欧大国和欧盟的主权意识开始抬头,波兰现任总统、来自法律与公正党的杜达就是打出反对波兰“跟着欧盟政策随波逐流”的口号在2015年5月当选。
如果说乌克兰危机只是暴露了东西欧利益冲突,那么2015年中东难民危机的影响更为深远。波兰、匈牙利等东欧国家始终拒绝接受欧盟摊派的中东难民,凸显出东西欧在身份认同和主权观念上的深刻差别。在身份认同上,由于二战后犹太人和德意志人等少数族裔的离开,东欧各国成为实质上的单一民族国家,对移民的接纳程度很低,即使接受少量文化背景相去甚远的中东难民,也被视为对民族身份认同的寝室。在主权观念上,东欧诸国在近现代历史上长期受到周边大国的征服和控制,对于主权独立相当敏感,2015年,欧盟在法国德国等大国主导下强制摊派难民,被东欧国家视为对主权的破坏。无独有偶,在此次司法之争中,主权也成为波兰自我辩护中频繁出现的关键词汇。本月初,欧盟就难民问题在欧洲法院正式起诉波兰、匈牙利、捷克三国,双方的博弈远未结束。
2016年至今的英国脱欧对于欧洲内部关系的变化也不可低估,原本,英国作为游离于欧盟核心圈外的大国,常常和东欧国家结成非正式统一战线,在欧盟内部平衡法国德国在欧盟的影响力,但英国脱欧后上述权力平衡不复存在。而且英国脱欧也让欧洲各国认识到欧洲一体化并非不可逆转的过程。东欧各国期望保留更大的自主性,而法德等国则发起了多速欧洲计划,期望通过欧盟核心区域加速一体化来克服欧盟危机,东欧国家把这些表态视为西欧边缘化东欧的信号而强烈反对。总而言之,西欧和东欧对欧盟未来定位在英国脱欧后出现了更大的分歧,欧盟和波兰的争端的法治之争也是此分歧的显现。
尽管制裁波兰已经纳入欧盟的议程,但是因为东欧国家的反对和双方关系的考量,制裁未必能落实。但是西欧主导的欧盟和东欧国家在近年危机下越行越远已是不争的事实。因此欧洲一体化的未来并非一片坦途,如何克服内部分歧仍然是欧盟必须面对的挑战。
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欧盟提议制裁波兰:东西欧为何再次撕裂?
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