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中伦文德陈云峰:代币融资监管政策解读之剑指何方(一)
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Topic: 中伦文德陈云峰:代币融资监管政策解读之剑指何方(一) (Read 81 times)
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中伦文德陈云峰:代币融资监管政策解读之剑指何方(一)
January 08, 2018, 10:04:41 AM
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自2017年9月4日央行等七部委发文《关于防范代币发行融资风险的公告》(“《公告》”)叫停ICO,“沉寂”一段时间后,ICO最近几个月又“重现江湖”,且态势不亚于7、8月份,究竟这些ICO融资活动与我国政府部门鼓励的区块链技术有何联系,“代币经济”是否属于公告限制范围,本文将通过公告的重新解读对前述问题逐一明确。
j5OkDmxvwevoHp3s0gP91kLRd91kmUaPDK6ENty9.jpeg
区块链项目VS代币融资
区块链技术被写入政府工作报告、央行积极筹备研究院研究法定数字货币,区块链技术被鼓励与金融交易、清算和结算、产品制造、物流等业务模式结合,在身份验证、交易记录等环节发挥其公开透明、方便追溯的作用。而ICO本质上被认定为未经批准的融资行为,涉嫌非法发售代币票券、非法发行证券以及非法集资、金融诈骗、传销等违法犯罪活动。因此,对于以区块链技术之名进行的ICO与国家鼓励的区块链技术研究应主要从以下三方面区分:
第一,公开融资。《公告》明确指出:“代币发行融资(即ICO)是指融资主体通过代币的违规发售、流通,向投资者筹集比特币、以太币等所谓‘虚拟货币’,本质上是一种未经批准非法公开融资的行为,涉嫌非法发售代币票券、非法发行证券以及非法集资、金融诈骗、传销等违法犯罪活动。
该部分主要对ICO定性为非法公开融资的行为,并且多以筹集比特币等虚拟货币为主。尽管目前代币融资活动多以小范围的“私募”形式进行,但是从实质重于形式的角度出发,对于该种融资活动中合格投资者的数量和资质的认定,我国并未出台相应的规范。因此,对于在多大范围内进行资金募集且用于项目开发,以及投资人管理等,仍待监管部门出台相关指导意见。
第二,发行代币。《公告》指出,“代币发行融资中使用的代币或“虚拟货币”不由货币当局发行,不具有法偿性与强制性等货币属性,不具有与货币等同的法律地位,不能也不应作为货币在市场上流通使用。”
我国央行主要成员在公开场合支持法定数字货币,并且央行也提出要“深入研究并吸收利用数字货币涉及的金融科技创新,加快法定数字货币系统建设,完善法定数字货币发行流通体系。”由此可见,我国监管部门对于区块链技术可能带来的金融创新持鼓励态度。
而对于通过前述融资活动并且发售代币,以及代币的二级市场流通等行为是否触及前述监管红线。从本质上分析,虚拟货币的匿名性与全球性引发的洗钱与外汇管制问题一直为监管部门诟病。目前对于中国团队在国外进行ICO或者通过“隔离”到国外完成所在国的“合规化”运作,并且代币最终通过国外的交易场所交易流通的行为,中国监管部门是否会采用“穿透式”监管,还需要拭目以待。
第三,中介参与。《公告》明确规定:“本公告发布之日起,任何所谓的代币融资交易平台不得从事法定货币与代币、‘虚拟货币’相互之间的兑换业务,不得买卖或作为中央对手方买卖代币或‘虚拟货币’,不得为代币或‘虚拟货币’提供定价、信息中介等服务。”对于违规平台,《公告》明确:“对于存在违法违规问题的代币融资交易平台,金融管理部门将提请电信主管部门依法关闭其网站平台及移动APP,提请网信部门对移动APP在应用商店做下架处置,并提请工商管理部门依法吊销其营业执照。”
因此,根据《公告》,对于在我国从事代币融资项目代理、投资信息发布的都应当立即停止,并且规定了明确的处罚机制。
除前述情形外,《公告》明确规定了对现有ICO项目的要求:(1)现有ICO项目立即停止;(2)要求已完成ICO项目融资的组织和个人应当做出清退等安排。对于ICO项目,监管部门采取溯及既往的强监管手段,不仅叫停了现有ICO项目,对于境内已经进行完毕的ICO项目要求退还投资者相关资产。
因此,监管部门给予投资者要求ICO发行方返还资产权利的正当性,但是对于投资人原因无法进行退币的,将来如果涉及民事争议,双方的责任仍然需进一步明确。
总之,由于代币融资发行项目中发行人和代币持有人信息不对称,且项目运作具有一定程度的不透明性,尤其是二级市场的流通行为缺乏规范,容易被作为无项目、无技术、无管理的团队滥用,因此,一旦监管部门启动“穿透式”监管,现存代币融资活动能否经得住考验,仍存在不确定性。
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