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专业打假人败诉,是浪费司法资源?
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Topic: 专业打假人败诉,是浪费司法资源? (Read 42 times)
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专业打假人败诉,是浪费司法资源?
January 09, 2018, 09:08:40 AM
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昨天(1月7日)有媒体报道说,一职业打假人带着公证员购买了贵州茅台酒,这些酒经鉴定为假。职业打假人遂将商家诉至法院,要求返还购物款和10倍赔偿。一审法院认为,购买者为职业打假人而非消费者,故驳回购买者10倍赔偿的诉求。打假人上诉后,二审法院驳回其上诉维持原判。
《食品安全法》148条第2款规定:“生产不符合食品安全标准的食品或者经营明知是不符合食品安全标准的食品,消费者除要求赔偿损失外,还可以向生产者或者经营者要求支付价款十倍或者损失三倍的赔偿金……”这一条款中的“10倍价款赔偿”规定的适用问题正是本案争议的焦点。
报道称,法院认为,《食品安全法》设立“10倍价款赔偿”制度的初衷是保证食品安全,保障公众身体健康和生命安全,确立的是一种侵权责任形态。因此,即使消费者购买了不符合安全标准的食品,但若该食品尚未对消费者造成实际损害,则属买卖合同中的标的物质量不合格,消费者只能追究销售者的违约责任,请求货物价款赔偿。之所以如此,“目的就是避免某些人利用该法律条款获取不正当的诉讼利益,造成诉讼资源的浪费,进而遏制生产者、销售者的积极性”。
报道还称,法院认为职业打假人大额购买“贵州茅台”是以获取巨大经济利益为目的,与《消费者权益保护法》保护普通消费者的立法本意不符,除造成司法资源的巨大浪费,职业打假人若出于打击假冒伪劣商品的需要,完全可以向有关行政主管部门举报。
不过,从法律上讲,只要诉讼主体适格,无论诉讼成败,诉讼者全无浪费诉讼资源一说。建立司法制度的目的,就是对依法主张权利者的主张做出法律判断,以定纷止争,实现正义。作为公共产品,司法资源的使用不具有排他性,一个使用者使用司法资源,并没有减少其他使用者使用的机会,也并没有弱化司法资源的功用。此所谓浪费说,反有以浪费为名而分等诉讼权利之嫌。
当然,若不论判决的解释,而从法律实体角度看,上述法律判决也并无不当。无论是《食品安全法》还是《消费者权益保护法》中的相关规定,都是对消费者权利的救济。超出救济的范围,即明知一方行为违法,却利用其违法,故意与违法一方形成某种法律关系,主动致自己权利受损,从而利用法律有关权利救济的规定使自己受益,这种“碰瓷”所为,确是法律正义所不应予以支持的。正是在此意义上,事先找来公证员、并在公证员公证下购买“茅台”,与售假方形成买卖关系的职业打假人,显然是明知对方违法而利用其违法达到“受害”的目的。
当然,公众对此判决的法律意理和逻辑不甚理解乃至产生质疑,其实也很正常。这里所谓“正常”,是指在法治化的权利救济缺位或稀缺的情况下,与法治原则相悖的私力救济,其所达到的快意恩仇的社会效果,常常为寻求社会正义者所推崇。“权利先于程序”,为救济而不择手段,必将形成救济与造成救济的违法之间的寄生关系,与社会正义背道而驰。
实际上,公众的不解和质疑正在于,在打击售假方面,那些有合法手段可用的公权机关的监管者和执法者,为什么让不择手段、“浪费司法资源”的职业打假人抢占了先机。而这才是上述判决给公众带来的真问题。对此问题,法律也并非只能束手无策。像上述判例,就完全可以在判决中向政府有责部门做出相关司法建议。
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