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新华网解读特朗普上任周年政府关门:政治信用透支
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Topic: 新华网解读特朗普上任周年政府关门:政治信用透支 (Read 79 times)
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新华网解读特朗普上任周年政府关门:政治信用透支
January 21, 2018, 05:10:39 AM
#1
美国总统特朗普上任一周年纪念日当天,美国行政部门被迫“关门”。
两者同时发生,虽有种种机缘巧合的偶然性原因,但也凸显出特朗普执政一年后美国政治极化加剧的现实,并反映出美国政府治理能力下降、政治信用透支的更深层问题。
新华网解读特朗普上任周年政府关门:政治信用透支
政府之所以会关门,其制度根源在于美国三权分立体制中,行政部门和立法部门的权力制衡。由于行政部门的预算开支方案需立法部门批准,因此当拥有立法权的国会不批准预算方案时,行政部门就会因无钱可用而被迫暂时关门。
这种制衡制度设计,原本是为避免行政分支开支无度;但在美国实际政治生活中,却时常沦为“党争”工具,即国会两党以“关门”为要挟倒逼对方做出政策让步。
例如,在2013年,国会两党因在“奥巴马医改”问题上意见不合,导致预算不得通过、行政部门被迫关门。而本次,国会两党又因移民改革问题争执不下,再次导致行政部门被迫关门。
新华网解读特朗普上任周年政府关门:政治信用透支因此在美国政治中,行政部门关门并不是什么新鲜事,1981年以来便已发生过12次。但这种情况大多发生在白宫和国会分别为两党控制时期。而这次的特殊之处在于,政府关门发生在白宫、国会两院均为共和党控制之际。
这一特殊情况凸显,美国的政治极化在加剧。尤其是在特朗普上台这一年内,不仅是共和、民主两党之间的对立加剧,共和党内部的分歧也在扩大。在这次关门事件中,便有数名共和党议员反对本党支持的预算案。
特朗普政府上台一年来政策快速“右摆”,大规模废除奥巴马政府时期的各种规定,尤其是试图废除扩大美国医保覆盖面的“奥巴马医改”,减税方案也显著偏袒企业和富人,试图放松对大企业的监管,强化边境管理措施,试图收紧移民政策……所有这些政策调整,都是意在“颠覆”上届政府的政策路线。而这种颠覆则进一步加深了两党裂痕。
?美国政府关门,值得关注的问题不在于短期经济冲击,而是长期政治影响。
从经济上来看,非核心行政部门停摆确有一定影响,例如超过80万名联邦雇员将被迫无薪休假,一些公共服务将被迫暂停。但这种经济影响相较于美国的经济规模几乎微不足道。克林顿政府时期近一个月的政府关门造成的经济损失也不过14亿美元。
作为全球最大经济体、全球举债能力最强的国家,美国本应是最不可能出现“财务”问题的,但党争却令美国行政部门关门周而复始地上演,这从根本上削弱了美国政府的治理能力和政治信用。
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