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韩会师:如何理性看待结售汇管理回归中性
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Topic: 韩会师:如何理性看待结售汇管理回归中性 (Read 111 times)
qingrong
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韩会师:如何理性看待结售汇管理回归中性
February 08, 2018, 02:04:38 PM
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外汇局局长潘功胜先生近日撰文指出“随着我国跨境资本流动趋于平衡,前期采取的宏观审慎政策已全部恢复中性”。这在朋友圈里引起一些争议,有朋友认为:虽然从数据上看,我国跨境资本流动的确已经比较平衡,但这是由于对购汇的管理十分严格,想出去的钱出不去。问笔者作何判断。
在回答这个问题之前,先说一个有趣的现象,就是不同职业背景的人,对跨境资本流动管理的感觉区别甚大。一线从事结售汇业务的人,包括银行的总行交易员和分支行的客户经理,普遍感觉2017年以来,无论是企业还是个人购汇,基本回到了2015年8.11汇改之前的状态,只要能够提供真实的贸易单据等证明材料,购汇是可以得到满足的。为了确认这一点,笔者在写此文之前特地向我所在银行全国各省市的一线骨干们询问了一下具体情况,所有反馈都表示企业购汇没有明显的障碍。
很明显,认为现在购汇很难的朋友,可能绝大多数是不在一线从事外汇业务的,这可能是受到了网络舆论的影响,还有一个可能是大家判断外汇管理松紧的标准不同。
对于业内人士,其判断资本流动管理是否严格,首先会站在我国基本的外汇管理制度基础之上。在我国最基本的就是“实需”管理原则,即无论是资本流入还是流出,无论你是结汇还是售汇,都要有实际的需求背景,企业在向银行办理业务时都要有合法合规的进出口合同、海关单据等。只要单据审核通过,企业的结售汇需求就能得到满足,在业内人士看来,这就是中性的资本流动管理。
但一般公众的立足点与外汇市场从业人员区别很大,在给笔者留言的朋友中,很多人认为外汇管制很严格的理由是:为什么我不能任意进行结售汇,既然是我的钱,国家不让我出去就是不合理。
笔者相信,持上述观点的朋友不在少数,但客观地讲,这种对绝对自由的追求有些超现实了。国家法律法规的制定,其着眼点在于宏观经济的稳定,甚至很多时候,为了稳定需要牺牲一定的效率,这在全世界都是一样的,绝对做不到满足每一个人、每一个企业的全部个性化需求。所以,超出现有的法律框架来讨论外汇管理究竟是更松了还是更紧了,就会变成抬杠,完全是浪费时间。
2015年3季度开始,我国的确收紧了外汇管理,特别是对流出的控制加强,最广为人知的标志性事件就是对远期售汇征收20%的风险保证金。当然,还有一些其他的限制性措施,笔者就不一一罗列了。2年后,2017年9月,央行发文将风险准备金从20%下调至0,这也宣告了央行正在逐渐取消临时性的管制措施。对于央行而言,将2015年之后推出的各项临行性的管理措施取消,使我国的外汇市场管理恢复到2015年8月之前的状态,就是将政策恢复中性了。
讨论监管政策是否回归中性其实并不重要,重要的是在清楚购汇并未继续受到严格约束之后,投资者必须意识到当前结售汇基本平衡的格局其背后一定有大规模的结汇支持。而事实也是如此,2017年,银行代客结汇的总规模(当月新增即期+远期)是15704亿美元,比2016年高出约2840亿美元。
银行代客结售汇市场是银行直接面对个人和企业客户的市场,结汇的增长说明市场对人民币中长期稳定的预期在不断增强,而结汇潜力的释放实际上也就意味着即使购汇需求未来有所增加,监管部门也没有必要对购汇进行更为严格的监管。因为对于监管当局来说,基本平衡的市场是最佳的,基本平衡的市场也是最有利于汇率双向波动的。而在基本平衡的结售汇格局下,汇率双向波动的幅度可能会比较大,这是投资者必须留意的风险。
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