The short answer is no.
The address encoding scheme includes a version byte which forces the first byte to take on a specific value (or one of two values, depending on the byte). For it to be a bitcoin address, it must be 0 or 5, giving a leading character of 1 or 3.
See
here, but note that the list is both incomplete (in the sense that there are many other address systems not listed, and new ones showing up every day), and far too long (in the sense that only a couple of them are actually valid for bitcoin).
As to the length, there isn't much to be done there. The length is fixed by the size of the hash and the encoding system. Some hashes lead to (very slightly) shorter addresses. Key compression does not help here (because the hash of the compressed key is used, and that hash is the same size as the hash of the uncompressed key).
There are other schemes that are capable of generating short-ish addresses. See Casascius's mini format, for an eample.