Bitcoin as computational commodity

[netrin]

I propose combing the distributed, replicated, secured data of Freenet, with the computation of BOINC or Amazon EC2, with the anonymous network of Tor or I2P, and trade and monetize it much like Bitcoin or Ripple. If possible, this should solve the 'free rider' problems of Tor, solve the centralized problems of Amazon, and stabilize the likes of Bitcoin as a commodity.

Even if the computation, storage, and networking were 100x less efficient, I think there would be value. I would certainly offer a day of 100% CPU usage and several gigabytes of storage in exchange for say, a month of light traffic to my secured and distributed web site.

 * Publish data to the network paying for a certain level of replication for particular time.

 * Push some logic to the network and pay for code storage, I/O and event triggered computation.

 * Earn credit for future data, computation, and bandwidth, by offering a multiple of these now.

The market will decide the prices, but they could easily be in terms of themselves for immediate use. 100 CPU cycle offered = 1 CPU cycle gained. 10 GB/hour of storage offered = 1 GB/hour from the network. As said before, a futures market could hedge the risk of default on future promises. With enough liquidity, someone could plug into the network, offer some cycles and storage and immediately receive credits to purchase goods. The credits could be immediately traded again, perhaps for fiat money.

Suppose Amazon pays a small fee to delegate cycles on home computers and more than gains profit by reselling these cycles to customers. Amazon pays either credits or dollars to workers and will accept credits or dollars from customers. As long as the cycles and storage were generic, anyone could be an amazon with competitive rates.

EDIT: Maybe monetizing or crediting Plan-9 or Inferno timeshare?

[1714031907]

1714031907

[1714031907]

1714031907

[1714031907]

1714031907

[1714031907]

1714031907

[netrin]

Highly performant burst computation

A programmer makes his machine available as a node in a compilation farm worker overnight and during idle times. When he compiles himself, he disconnects as a worker node, and trades his credits for immediate high performance compilation.

...the same for a graphic artist, particularly 3D animation and video editing. ...or scientific modeling such as BIONC, etc.


Distributed OS time share

The most flexible and generic use case may be offer one's own computers' resources to a distributed operating system, such as Inferno. Workers could set priorities, quotas, and prices for resources (RAM, disk, CPU, bandwidth). Users could buy these resources with the same resource credits or any other currency.

Many of us already pay a web host monthly fees, but perhaps we could reduce the service costs by offering to backup/replicate a portion of the entire host, process queries, monitor the system externally, etc.


Pay per use web resources

Freenet works as a huge decentralized and cached HTTP web. A publisher inserts documents into the network and the data survives as long as it remains popular (data is passed through the network and cached by each node (as FIFO leaky buckets) in the chain). As far as I know, there is no computation. The model is similar to bittorrent.

The freenet/bittorrent model could be extended such that a node may pay a small fee to retrieve data from other nodes. Any node that can return the data, keeps a portion of the fee. Thus is there an incentive for nodes to keep large caches of the most popular data. Intermediate parties would take a fair cut; each node connects to peers it trusts to take the lowest fee with the high return rates.

Computation, such as database queries, are also executable data (for example a javascript file). These should include an estimated number of file requests, and thus an execution price. The end user may retrieve a 'query program' which requests tiny indexes referring to other indexes, such that the end user can narrow its query with a minimal number of requests. Alternatively, the end user or another node could pay an authoritative node (who claims to have most of the data in its cache) to perform the query for a cheaper fee. Google-like entities could exist accumulating nearly all data in its cache, but any node could offer specialized services at competitive prices or offer exclusive content.

The advantage of this system is that content and service providers would not need to pay to publish and distribute popular content. End users pay for consuming content and distribution. Publishers however would need to pay to refresh less popular content, which seems fitting.

With what are we paying? Content credit. Any request which I can fulfill pays me credit. It costs me credit to retrieve content.

[gmaxwell]

Many economists have argued against bitcoin's adoption as a money because while it could be a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value, bitcoin did not originate as commodity. Many have argued that this historical property is not necessary, others like me have argued that a scarce bitcoin derives value from the transactional service that bitcoin makes possible, while others claim that the computational power required to validate the transactions back up the digital commodity. Few are confident with these assertions and therein lies the problem.

(For the purpose of this reply I'll use 'money' to mean a commodity which is super fungible and liquid and is used as a proxy exchange of value)

The notion that something used as money ought to have independent value is fundamentally broken.

If you have some useful good, there will be some price which depending on the supply and demand, costs and benefits of using the good should result in the most efficient use of that good possible. (given a bunch of assumptions that are never true, but are probably close enough)

If you have some scarce thing used as a highly liquid exchange placeholder, a money good, there will be some valuation at which it does its job best (depending on the overall economy and the properties of the thing).  

It is unlikely that these prices will be the same, or even similar.  So when you combine the uses you get something which is less efficient than having them separate.  We see this with gold where gold is priced much higher that materials which are more rare (and harder to mine), more industrially useful, or compared to things which are equally useful or superior for jewelery, etc.  Many productive uses of gold are denied because much gold is being held up in vaults in order to store value.

The argument that bitcoin is somehow backed by computational power is a misunderstanding of what people conventionally mean by backing.  When people talk about a money being backed by something, they're referring to something providing a floor under which the value of the money can not fall even if confidence in the good as a liquid unit of exchange is lost. E.g. If everyone suddenly hates gold you can still use it to manufacturer useful electronics.  This is the _only_ benefit that comes from using an otherwise useful good as money.  Just like broken escalators become stairs unwanted gold coins can become excellent paperweights, tooth fillings, and electronic connectors.

The computational power behind the block chain does not provide this property. The computation is not reusable, it's not useful to you except insofar as it makes bitcoin technically secure, something you only care about if people consider bitcoin valuable. If everyone hates bitcoin you can't melt yours down and reuse the cpu power. It may be necessary to give bitcoin value but its not sufficient.

Bitcoin is unbacked as are all major official monies— sure they're theoretically backed  by the ability to pay taxes using them but should confidence in the money collapse to the point when that backing becomes relevant you're probably not going to care about paying taxes (especially since the taxes will increase in amount as the money loses value). People trust official monies because they know other people trust them and because they trust the issuers to not destroy their value by ruining scarcity.  The same applies for Bitcoin though the trust is justified for different underlying reasons.

If you really must believe that bicoin is backed by something even if its a backing which would be worthless if you ever had to call on it like what backs the USD, then you can consider it backed by the interest of geek collectors. Even if the system is a complete failure there will always be some geek willing to buy it from you for novelty value.

[etotheipi]

We just need to convince someone who is extraordinarily rich, to put up $700 million dollars to "back" Bitcoin for a 5-10 years.  They basically publicly announce that they will buy BTC for $100 each, and then the BTC must have that value, because you can always sell to that rich guy for $100.  In a way, he'd be like an exchange, but using his own money instead of others'.

Now it sounds ludicrous... who would risk that kind of money?  Well, how much of a risk is it, really?  People will start using BTC, because they know each is worth $100 and will realize the extra benefits they get out of it that aren't available with other currencies.  Merchants, buyers, savings accounts, etc, can all be converted to BTC because they know it can be converted to USD at any time.  "People" will eventually start to accept BTC as having value of $100, not because that one person is offering $100 for each one, but now because everyone else is.  At some point (probably many years), BTC would completely self-sustain as an independent currency without the billionaire backing it.  

At this point, he can basically just sell it off through the natural demand for it.  In fact, price is likely to go up as it actually becomes a useful commodity, since $700 million is not enough to support the economies that would be utilizing it.  

This is basically, exactly what happend with the USD (without the price spike, since they created enough to support the economy).  The government used to say "Each of these pieces of green paper can be traded back to the government for an equiv amount of gold".  Eventually they stopped doing that, yet USD still maintained its value depite losing its "official" backing.  This theory would only fail if there's no legitimacy to BTC -- if there's no extra value to holding BTC over USD, then why use it?  But when people start understanding the liquidity, the potential anonymity, the convenience, the low fees, the built-in escrow, etc, people will have a reason to continue using trading it. By then, there would be a critical mass of people/companies/businesses that deal with it and confirm its value that it would actually have that value.

[etotheipi]

On a separate related note ... We have discussed useful proof-of-work ideas on the forums many times.  There just is not any feasible way to change the BTC proof-of-work without a catastrophic disruption to the entire system.   And of course, there's just not a whole lot of useful problems out there that are suitable to replace hashing...

However  it would be possible to create a dual-purpose mining program that would achieve this goal outside the BTC network.  The program would run the BTC mining, but could also have GPU kernels uploaded to it by anyone who wants work done.  The miner would transmit a BTC address and the requester pays the same BTC that miner would've produced.  Then the miner can switch to doing their work because it's a financially neutral decision. 

YES I am well aware that the BTC network needs the mining for security.  But, I don't envision that there would be enough demand to draw enough miners away from BTC to make an impact on the security of the network.  If there is enough demand, then that will drive the price of BTC up further and people will start buying more hardware (or perhaps, the special mining program would be designed to not switch if more than 50% of the miners are currently diverted.   Yes, this raises questions... this is mostly just off the top of my head)

This would create an extremely stable economy around BTC:  it would create a tangible backing to the work the miners are doing:  1 hour of GPU time can be bought for 0.01 BTC, so how much are people/companies will to pay for 1 hour of GPU time?  If it's $1, then suddenly BTC price will start gravitating towards $100/BTC because people will know they can always buy $100 worth of computation with 1 BTC.  There's no magic, faith or acts-of-god required:  BTC is worth exactly how much institutions/companies are willing to pay for computation time.  It would turn BTC into a global, pay-per-compute cloud that anyone in the world can use -- if they can afford to buy the BTC to feed the miners.

[hashcoin]

Good question. That's the major whole in my thesis. But it's why this is a forum discussion and not a PDF manifesto.

Perhaps I have been arguing a contradiction in terms. A promise of future work is credit, not money. A money is not spent (consumed), it facilitates spending.

You may be on to something with Ripple. If it replaced its centralized aspects with a decentralized (bitcoin) ledger, I think Ripple would be more appealing. Thus far I haven't properly sunk my teeth into it. I think I'll give Ripple another go this weekend.

Thanks for the paper on delegated computation using homomorphic encryption. It's PRECISELY relevant to this discussion. I think I'll use their terminology from here on.

I didn't necessarily mean the ripple system/implementation.  All I meant is things become much simpler, and arguably more robust/decentralized when you consider an "everyone an issuer" model like ripple rather than "single issuer" like USD/bitcoin (you can think of bitcoin as a system with a central issuer who has promised to issue tokens in exchange for block nonces; the fact that this central issuer is implemented via a distributed quorum/consensus is just an implementation detail).  Looking at things this way eliminates the obvious problem that arises when imagining a system like bitcoin where coins were redeemable for computation: 1 cycle on my machine is maybe not worth the same as 1 cycle on your machine.  That could be for reasons from general reliability (maybe one of us has a UPS/backup power) to malice (maybe one of us is downright dishonest and not performing computations correctly).

So instead of imagining a single "cpucoin" with some complicated/impossible mechanism for issuing them, I may issue as many "hashcoin IOU tokens" as I want, to anyone for whatever reason, and you may issue a "netrin IOU token" to anyone.  One can issue IOUs for anything: I can say I'll pay you $1 if you present it to me, or I'll execute 1000 cycles if you present it to me, or I'll send you some disk block.

Now the point is since you don't know/trust me, my IOUs are likely worthless to you.  But if through some intermediate friends/entities, there is a chain-of-trust between us, then we can trade via that chain.  More precisely, say Alice trusts Bob for $10, and Bob trusts Charlie for $20.  What this really means is Alice has announced to the market "I am posting an order to SELL 10AliceIOU in exchange for 10BobIOU", and Bob has posted "selling 20BobIOU for 20CharlieIOU".  Charlie can pay Alice by filling Bob's order, then Alices, and then redeeming the AliceIOU to Alice.

Ripple is basically a system with these IOUs for real money.  But you can do the same thing for any commodity, such as computational resources.  The nice thing about the latter is such a system could conceivably be easier to bootstrap than ripple because while I wouldn't be willing to trade an IOU for $10 with a total internet stranger's, I would probably be willing to trade 100MB of space on my disk for 100MB of space on his, with the understanding that we would periodically randomly "test" each other to keep things honest.

There has been some work on something like this.  Actually this was Bram's pet project before bittorrent:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojonation

Here's an existing system:
http://www.media-art-online.org/iwat/
http://www.media-art-online.org/iwat/research/papers.html
Another, more featured but more complicated:
https://github.com/FellowTraveler/Open-Transactions

I've seen a few names for the application to computational resources.  Both "microeconomic computing" and "agoric computing".
Sorry to just dump bunches of links but I think that's easiest; check refs recursively in these to find more.  Also by linkdumping I want to emphasize many people have had these ideas for a long time, so IMO the important question to ask is: why haven't these taken off?  My belief is the reason is largely that to most people "things are free already" while really, they are micro-paying via providing private social/ad/marketing data to intermediaries.  That is a nasty problem: these systems are incredible, but noone will use them as long as they believe the systems they use today are "free".

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoric_computing
http://www.cap-lore.com/Agorics/Library/dsr.html
http://www.cap-lore.com/Economics/DSR/
http://labs.commerce.net/wiki/Grid_Economics

Description of a storage IOU system:
http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~mema/courses/cs264/papers/samsara-sosp2003.pdf
[sidenote: cutting off after cs264, course page has lots of good p2p papers. bookmarked!]

--
Also, just note to others in this thread saying you can't replace bitcoin's work with "useful work".  That is not what we are trying to do.  I would not suggest a modification to bitcoin; these are ideas for alternatives.  In fact, personally, if I issued promises to do useful computational work, or anything else, I would not even accept your bitcoins for them, because I do not place any value in a certificate that a bunch of useless-to-me work was done in the past.  The slashdot quote in the OP really hits the nail on the head in a concise way why some of us will never value bitcoins above 0.

[etotheipi]

personally, if I issued promises to do useful computational work, or anything else, I would not even accept your bitcoins for them, because I do not place any value in a certificate that a bunch of useless-to-me work was done in the past.  The slashdot quote in the OP really hits the nail on the head in a concise way why some of us will never value bitcoins above 0.

People aren't paying you for work that was done in the past, they're paying you for work you will do... they compensate the same number of BTC you would've mined had they not bribed your miner to do the work.  This is a perfect system, because in addition to being "fair", it's also the most convenient medium for paying for the work:  all the owners of the computational units clearly want BTC (that's why they're mining in the first place), and transferring BTC requires no third-parties or additional fees in order to request the work.  The party can request compute time instantly from anywhere, 24 hours a day with no downtime, and not have to deal with anyone else except the miner itself.  It turns BTC into a computational resource that happens to mine these "tokens" with its spare compute power.

Then, the value of BTC would have to gravitate towards the "accepted" value of computation time.

[netrin]

This thread has taken multiple related but contradicting paths and I'll accept the blame. It's been a thought experiment, not a thesis, and I appreciate the evolution of the discussion.

#1 Does a money need to be or benefit from being a commodity?

#2 Are there commodities or services which only something like bitcoin could monetize?

#3 Can bitcoin become or be replaced by a digital commodity?

#4 Can credit be money?

I've certainly flip-flopped on all of these (Currently: maybe, yes, maybe, no) and have changed the topic title, though I doubt any fits.

The notion that something used as money ought to have independent value is fundamentally broken. ... there will be some price ... most efficient use of that good possible. ... some scarce thing used as a highly liquid exchange placeholder, a money good, there will be some valuation at which it does its job best ... It is unlikely that these prices will be the same, or even similar.  So when you combine the uses you get something which is less efficient than having them separate.

I find no fault in your argument. But I wonder if that inefficiency (the difference between industrial and speculative/money value) provides stability, and thus adds to its value as a money. Gold has a quantifiable industrial value and a less quantifiable but no less real desirability (jewelry). Not only does this provide a base, but I posit that the existence of some base prevents the exchange rate from even approaching the base. Whereas a thing such as bitcoin with no base will forever carry a psychological uncertainty reflected in its volatility.

Just as a hypothetical example, suppose a bitcoin represented a GB of storage in the cloud (in the blockchain perhaps) in addition to all of the properties it enjoys today. At $0.06 that GB might have been well justified. Even if after bitcoin was discovered to have wonderful monetary value, I wonder if speculation could have brought the price up to $32 so early or that it would have depreciated 1% daily ever since. It's pure conjecture, of course.

How would you ensure people kept their promises of future work?

This question continues to nag me. In light of Gmaxwell's notion of a 'pure money', perhaps we don't want money to have industrial value, and certainly not to base our money on credit. That last point should be self-evident.

While I think computational work and storage would make excellent fungible credit, it's a terrible 'store of value' even if the price were more stable. In my opinion a 'store of value' is not retention of stable purchasing power, but the conversion of promises into things. Money unbinds credit from a domain of specific promises to a larger domain of generic though negotiable value.

I didn't necessarily mean the ripple system/implementation.  All I meant is things become much simpler, and arguably more robust/decentralized when you consider an "everyone an issuer" model like ripple rather than "single issuer" like USD/bitcoin

As long as we're trading apples for apples ("I'll replicate 1 GB of your data for 1 GB of my data"), I agree with you. But I don't see this model extending very far. Ultimately, I want a GB/day credit to be honored equally and universally (fungible, divisible, liquid). The handful of friends who might replicate my data are no more reliable than an open (futures?) market where risk can be priced in.

"Everyone is an issuer" of credit, but not money. My friend could easily default on his promise. So, while I'm sure he'll make it up to me somehow, his credit makes terrible money because it is not generally accepted nor immediately useful.

This could be all automated and be more reliable than between friends. Any Joe installs some software and allocates a few GB to the network's disposal and sets a few of his own directories to be replicated with different levels of reliability expectations. We could randomly verify promises are kept. Credit could be immediately applied (the network replicates an amount of my data now equal to the amount I currently host for others). But everyone could agree to honour positive credits at diminishing rates into the future. Tit-for-tat should work just as well for a dozen participants as for a billion.

As long as I am an active participant, particularly with a long reliable history, there's little reason other's shouldn't trust me to honor credit into a proportionally long future. The risk, at least, should be calculable.

Perhaps you've noticed I've added "positive credit at diminishing rates". If you have been actively and reliably replicating data for a year, I can trust you'll continue today, probably for the week, why not another month, but for another year? Eh, maybe. I wonder if this depreciation in trust or reliability can be simulated by monetary inflation. If for every excessive GB/day you are awarded a storage credit (SC), then every new SC depreciates the value of all of the SC in circulation. Now suppose each SC unit also depreciates as a function of its age and the growth rate of SC.

I've sketched out a working model on paper (ignoring the double-spend/unique-digital-unit problems), but I'd like to see if this idea catches any bites.

Also by linkdumping I want to emphasize many people have had these ideas for a long time, so IMO the important question to ask is: why haven't these taken off?  My belief is the reason is largely that to most people "things are free already" while really, they are micro-paying via providing private social/ad/marketing data to intermediaries.  That is a nasty problem: these systems are incredible, but noone will use them as long as they believe the systems they use today are "free".

Yup. And I have to ask: Where are you getting these wonderful resources? I'm worried that for every idea I've ever had, you could find a well researched paper or implementation to knock me down. Keep them coming. I'm reading them all!

old ideas, so why haven't they taken off?

While I didn't realise everything (to the sentence) in this thread has already been dreamed and tried by geniuses, I believe here we have fertile ground. Whether bitcoin succeeds or fails, we've collected a huge amount of like minded individuals and hardware. The launchpad is prepared.

[jago25_98]

I think we have practically all of the means to do this,

(p2p exchange, distributed resource allocation I forget the name of it)

it just needs meshing together.

[netrin]

I think we have practically all of the means to do this

Absolutely. There are dozens of distributed storage models with as many properties, but few are monetized. Check out Hashcoin's links above. For example, MojoNation/Mnet tried to do exactly as I'm proposing (it was an eery read), with a symmetric/polar credit model and a central Mojo mint, which I think we could improve.

We don't magically obtain storage, computation, and bandwidth commodities by combining the best of all existing distributed toys and tools. What properties do we demand: Anonymity, security, replication, expiration, monetization. Can they be mixed and matched? If a user demands all three storage, computation, and bandwidth how does he find workers whose cost ratios best match his application?

I plan to play with Inferno this weekend. If anyone wants to set up and play with a global distributed operating system, let me know. I'd like to experiment with quotas, monitoring and thus credits. Even inferno is heavier than I want, but it's a good start because as a full operating system, there are no limits. It doesn't hurt that it was developed by some of the smartest minds in the field from way back.

As for a lighter weight system, I could imagine something like Node.js Tor onion hosts. Stefan's already working on an excellent modular bitcoin system.

[netrin]

I've played with Inferno 4 all night. It's simple and technically amazing, boots in milliseconds, runs blistering fast even as an emulated/virtual machine, resource access is brilliant, but overall... impractical. I'm left with an overwhelming and disappointed sense of 'what could have been', much like Java I suppose. While it's definitely a system a bunch of us could instantly cluster and share resources, it's not something we'd want to run. While the ideas of Plan 9, Limbo, styx, etc are worth studying, I'm looking for something that could run existing code written in a popular language in a distributed environment.

What about a distributed Node.js cluster?

Workers listen for service requests from Delegators. A request consists of a block of code and estimated resource requirements, the parties negotiate a price based on an exchange or equivalence rates (e.g. 1 G cycles = 50 K/hour RAM = 1 M bandwidth = 1 BTC). Payment could be in the form of resource credits or money (bitcoin). As long as all communication comes over an anonymous secured network and the code is running in a sandbox, Workers shouldn't care what they are running. Delegators would most likely pay in advance for a unit of work, would be concerned about and should price in trust and performance. Compliance could be verified externally (by requesting a resource), as part of the execution (code returns proof of work) or part of the infrastructure (by as yet undiscovered methods).

We just need a market, resource monitors, computational unit package definition, trust and glue.