sticking to bitcoin terms because different coins use different rules..
It is translated, so there are some better explanations for everyone to improve.
transaction : a piece of data that shows where value came from and where it is going to. by showing the public addresses of the sender and receiver. it also shows how much value is being moved and also a unique signature message created using a private key
imagine it as an electronic cheque (from me to you, value, signature)
Private Key : A secret key is associated with a public key which is then associated with an address. it is used to authrise/identify that the value should move because only the owner(private key holder) of the address should decide to move value.
signature : is a transactions signed message using the private key. where this message is not the private key but a mssage only able to be created using the private key mashing up th transaction data into a unique message that would only validate to the associated public address of the sender/source of funds
private key can create the public key and get an address. but an address cannot create a private key.
think of it as starting with a password. that uses special computer maths to create a public key that then creates a account number/username.
your password can validate you own the account/username. but the account number/username cannot be untangled to reveal the password
thus securing data by not revealing the private key so that the only one able to 'spend' bitcoins is the only one with access to the private key(password).
If there is a corresponding bitcoin on the address, you can use the private key to spend the bitcoin,
block : a batch of transactions that locks the contents using a blockhash that is unique to that specific data to create a identifiable block of data
blockhash: the identifier of that block, created by meeting certain rules. which would alter if data is altered. thus making it easy to identify if any received data in the block has been changed if the blockhash does not match the data
Blockchain：Is the public list of all transactions that have been locked into blocks, where by each block also includes the blockhash of the previous block. thus chaining them together. hense the term blockchain
which allows anyone to hold a copy of the blockchain data and agree on which (address) holds certain value. because they can verify they all have the same data easily using the blockhashes.
A full-featured node maintains a copy of the blockchain and verifies with each other they hold the same data
Mining: there is no single source that creates all blocks, they are distributed into 'pools' of miners. and the task is to create the blockhashes for fresh blocks using a mechanism called POW
POW：The process of consuming computing resources to produce the unique hash.. it is a mechanism of 'mining' to lock data into a block by giving it a unique 'hash' identifier based on certain rules
miners : can operate around the world, and the more distributed they are and un associated they are the better for data integrity. but also a balance is needed of having multiple parties 'pool' their work togther on one version of a new block to decrease the chances of threat by one individual enttity. they get rewarded with a deflationary amount of coin per blockhash solution that meets the rules and has been accepted by the network, spendable only after 100 other new blocks have been built and chained ontop of their solution
pools : a group of miners syndicated together to find a blockhash of a fresh block that meets the rules by finding a difficult to replicate blockhash that an individual cant replicate alone. there are many pools and the more pools that exist the better.
imagine these pools as the electronic cheque clearing houses
hash : the electronic conversion of block data into a unique identifier of 32bytes. by mashing up the data using a set method called sha256
Hash Rate：The term of measuring the rate of creating hashes, expressed in seconds.
hash/s: creation of one hash per second
terrahash/s: creation of 1,000,000,000,000(1bill) hashes per second
petahash/s: creation of 1,000,000,000,000,000(1trill) hashes per second
exahash/s: creation of 1,000,000,000,000,000,000(1quad) hashes per second
difficulty : a rule that is part of POW where the blockhash has to meet a rule of having a certain amount of '0' at the start. this is adjusted every 2016 blocks to be more difficult(more '0') or less difficult(less '0') depending on if the network produced 2016 blocks in under or over fortnight time period
Multisig : this allows multiple keys to be combined to create a single public key/address. thus allowing more than one entity to jointly sign a bitcoin transaction without everyone involved needing to know the same private key.
With this technology, it takes a lot of private keys to sign and verify when it is spent on Bitcoin, which is then accepted by the Bitcoin network, thereby improving Bitcoin's safety.
think of it like a electronic cheque of a joint bank account
Transaction Fee : these currently account for a small portion of block rewards for miners mining. when a sender moves value it forgets about a small amount of value the receiver should get. this small forgotton amount is then added to the miners block reward. because the main block reward is deflationary. the fee's become more important for miners while the reward becomes less important over time
wallet: Refers to an app (web or desktop) that allows the signing of transactions. these wallets hold and secure the private key
and can display the funds assiciatd with the corresponding public address
AML/KYC rule : The government has a regulatory framework for getting businesses to register with said government to then have the business police its own customers to identify potential criminals
to achieve this, businesses have to identify their customers (KYC: Know your customer) and then monitor the customer for activities that may be of risk such as money laundering. (AML: Anti Money Laundering) and then report said customer if the threat seems worthy enough to involve authorities
