So essentially what this means is that Bitcoin price will keep on increasing? So that mining can remain profitable? So then what happens in 2140 when no more new Bitcoin is introduced? How can miners mine profitably?
You would also have to consider the difficulty adjustments. Averagely, a block is confirmed every 10 minutes, however if there is huge competition among miners and increased efficiency of mining ware, it could be done faster than that, when this happens difficulty adjusts to make it more difficult to find the next block and keep the time at the average.
This also functions to keep mining profitable, if Bitcoin's price drops, it becomes less profitable to mine and ideally more miners would quit, this would lead to a drop in hash rate and block confirmation would be slower, when this happens the difficulty drops and it becomes easier to confirm the next block, making it cheaper, and keeps mining profitable.
Basically, asides the price changes, which is expected to increase overtime to keep mining profitable, adjustments to the difficulty also helps to balance it out.
After reading the article you linked me about consensus, I do have a question: What is the difference between a full node and a miner? I thought node = miner?
Nodes are programs or computers which are connected to the Bitcoin network, all nodes are interconnected. There are different type of nodes, such as full nodes, pruned nodes etc.
Full nodes have the complete data of all transactions on the block chain, they verify and relay transactions to other full nodes.
All miners are nodes, but all nodes are not miners. However, while miners are connected to the network (nodes), they do not have to be "full" nodes.
Read more here -
https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Full_node#What_makes_a_full_node.3F