Etheruem has been having the challenge of scalability and many projects have tried to solve this yet the coin still retains its position as the second top crypto coin in the market. Although, while Ethereum 2.0, the network’s second, proof-of-stake iteration, is almost done, there is little faith that these solutions alone will be able to give the market a truly decentralized and efficient network.
Either there was this lack of faith that led to the creation of multiple-chain networks, all of which set out to solve Ethereum’s lack of scalability. There are dozens of networks like these currently on the market, but few have managed to get the traction and recognition.
The coins that have toped in the list of technology to take the shine off etheruem are
Polkadot, Cosmos, and Avalanche but they are also having their own technical and technological issues which is why etheruem is still much relevant and occupying the position it is today.
Polkadot
Polkadot's consensus protocol can’t scale to multiple nodes on a single chain.
Cosmos
The hub has no control over the zones, which means that there is no guarantee that any of the zones that stem from it are secure. The level of security seen in any of the zones never affects the overall security of the hub, which means that the network’s users take on all the risks of interacting with the zones.
Avalanche
cross-subnet communication isn’t live on Avalanche yet, and the network is yet to see major traction both among users and developers.
https://cryptoslate.com/comparing-the-technicals-of-polkadot-dot-cosmos-atom-and-avalanche-avax/