What is the actual damage of your HDD?
If it was just a simple error when booting the OS maybe you can still fix the issue and access the HDD without any error.
So that you can normally access it and look what is the installed wallet from your HDD.
Or I think you can use some USB bootable tool where you can access the HDD even the OS is corrupted. Try hiren's OS burn them into USB and boot it to your pc
Once you access the HDD try to look for "wallet" keyword it's a common wallet file name.
Here's the list of wallet filename of wallet you mention above.
Bitcoin-QT
"wallet.dat"
Armory
"walletname.wallet"
Multibit HD
"mbhd.wallet.aes"
Multibit Classic
"wallet name-20140407200743.key"
The wallet file of Electrum doesn't have file extension so it would be hard to guess if what wallet name you use. Anyway just use the "wallet" keyword and maybe it's bitcoin-qt or multibit wallet.