Now the actual question. Knowing the exact sequence of addresses (there are infinitely many addresses), it is possible to recover a mnemonic phrase or any other information?
This is not possible, because to even derive private key from public key is impossible with the current technology.
The size of bitcoin’s private key space, (22^56) is an unfathomably large number. It is approximately 10^77 in decimal. For comparison, the visible universe is estimated to contain 10^80 atoms.
So, brute forcing private key is impossible with the current day technology, also the the derivation of resulting public key from the private key makes use of asymmetric cryptography, which means it is in one way direction.
K = k * G
where k is the private key
G is the generator point
K is the public key which is a point on the curve
Dividing the K with G will not result to the corresponding private key.
Not possible. You need at least a master public key and one of the private key of the addresses.**
The master public key and private key of a non hardened address can result to derivation of the master private key. If an address derivation path is hardened, the master private key can not be derived.