Is it possible to derivate all addresses of a master public key?
The addresses of hierarchical deterministic (HD) wallet can be derived from the seed phrase, the seed or master private key.
Also the addresses can be derived from the master public key but you can not spend from this later kind of wallet.
like say I have address X, and with only knowing that, would it be possible to see all addresses or even know a possible master public key?
No.
Could it be possible at all to recover a master xpub from just 1 address?
No.
Master public key can be used to generate its bitcoin addresses. This is used in watch-only wallet. But with master public key, you can not spend using the wallet. To spend, you need the master private key.
You can not use addresses to know master public key.
To make this simple for you in brief. Seed phrase can generate the seed, the seed can generate the master private key, the master private key can generate the child keys (child private key and the child public key), individual child key can generate its corresponding address.
To know more:
https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/blob/develop/ch05.asciidoc