First, renBTC is an ERC-20 token constructed on the Ethereum network, and pegged to BTC. How exactly are they able to 100% guarantee that one renBTC can or will be swapped for BTC at a moments notice?
As I have initially guessed, the platform uses a lock and mint/burn mechanism, in that way, it should maintains the 1:1 peg of the coin.
According to their wiki page, the mechanism is as follows:
sending BTC from Bitcoin to Ethereum (known as a lock-and-mint),
sending BTC from Ethereum back to Bitcoin (known as a burn-and-release), and
sending BTC from Ethereum to Polkadot (known as a burn-and-mint).
Just click the referred link, each example is well explained there. Nevertheless, there won't be a 100% guarantee.
Third, what separates this from Wrapped Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, Bitcoin Satoshi Vision, etc?
WBTC and renBTC are similar. It is a pegged token. It requires custody to maintain the reserve that the custody held is pegged into the tokenized bitcoin.
BCH and BSV are a fork of Bitcoin. This is categorized as a coin since it exists on its own blockchain, unlike the tokenized bitcoin which it relies on top of other blockchains i.e. ETH.
What is essential, is that those tokenized bitcoin as the name suggests, "tokenized", are not real bitcoin, due to the way of how it works.