I want to broadcast Bitcoin transactions using python's socket library.
If that's all you want to do, you need not concern yourself with the protocol version. Majority of these
versions are defining stuff that concerns a full node not what you want to do.
The process you're looking for is like it's always been:
1. Open socket and connect to the peer using its IP address and port
2. Perform handshare (Send version, receive version and verack, send verack)
3. Push your tx in a tx message
The three message types and their structures on explained in the link you shared.
https://developer.bitcoin.org/reference/p2p_networking.html#versionhttps://developer.bitcoin.org/reference/p2p_networking.html#verackhttps://developer.bitcoin.org/reference/p2p_networking.html#txFWIW protocol version 70016 introduced wtxid-based relay and nodes that have that version support this feature.