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The blockchain is a decentralized distributed ledger that houses transaction records or data that are immutable after being sealed. By immutability, I mean it’s tamper proof and can't be altered. Since stored transactions are immutable, there shouldn't be a way for sanctions to penetrate a block and affect the transaction record within the block(I said to myself).
Not all blockchain are decentralized while some gives a level of decentralisation and others are decentralized though it should be noted decentralized blockchain like Bitcoin can't be affected by frozen address, legal or illegal bitcoin is still considered the same disregarding the Ordinals this stand. Though while bitcoin address might also be flagged for illegal activities such bitcoin in such address are seen as the same but exchanges or any centralized services following the tainted/flagged coin rule will reject though exchanges will freeze your account for having connection to a flagged address or if the flagged address is yours.
My Questions:
1. How do you think centralized exchanges freeze crypto assets? Directly from the blockchain or from the wallet address?
This occurs from the blockchain since if it was freeze in the walletswhich you have the private key or seed phrase, you could have been able to moved it to another wallet and use.
2. Please explain the technicalities behind it and how it doesn't affect the protocols guiding cryptocurrency in general.
The reason why raise is possible is because the blockchain is centralized and the dev have power to do it though the blockchain will continue to work fine.
3. Can miners actually freeze a particular asset, assuming it was passed for validation?.
I guessed This is done by the dev, once the address has been flaged online as one for illegal activities, then they freeze such address
You shouldn't get it confused here. You cannot automatically freeze assets of someone who owns his own keys through the Blockchain. These assets are frozen or taken from them physical when they are arrested or caught by handing over the keys of such wallets to the authorities
It's actually possible in Centralized blockchain notably USDT(tether), since there are news about the dev freezing an hackers who possibly stole millions/hundreds of thousands of USDT.