Well, what i understand is that if you do a backup, it’s on the coins in the wallet (at that time). So you will not be able to get back the coins that you got after the backup, that’s why you need to do backups all the time.
Kind of, well sort of...
The question is: did you create any new addresses that you used to receive the BTC after you did the backup? A backup is the backup of your private keys. All transactions using the private keys in your backup will be there. However, if you:
1) Create a few Bitcoin addresses
2) Backup the private keys for those adddresses
3) Make some more Bitcoin addresses
4) Fail to backup the new private keys
5) Lose the phone
Then you will have all the BTC that were sent to the addresses you created before the backup but you will lose forever the BTC sent to the addresses you created after the backup - since you failed to back up the private keys.
In the future use a deterministic wallet such as Wallet32 for Android. You only have to backup the seed used for the wallet once, then you never have to worry about backups every again since every Bitcoin address and every change address used is calculated from the one seed that you back up when you create the wallet.