Ripple, Nano, NEO, Doge.
As far as I know.
Byteball is pretty fast also.

Iota is supposed to be fast but doesn't work as intended.

UXTO blockchains with mining are only as fast as the block size and block times.
With higher loads they slow down.

Gas (or petrol, if it helps you understand better) is the fuel for the ETH blockchain.
Ethereum was designed to be a distributed turing-complete computer, and you can't have a public computer without a way to limit actions of participants or else they will exploit it or make the network halt by deploying code that loops forever.
That is how the concept of gas was born.
It is payment for every computation you make on the Ethereum blockchain (your ETH or token transactions are actually computations), so the more complex your calculation/computation is, the more gas you will have to pay. This limits people spamming the network as it would get prohibitively expensive to do so.

You can think of it like transaction fees in bitcoin (even though it is not actually the same thing)
For more information read this article by MyEtherWallet:
https://myetherwallet.github.io/knowledge-base/gas/what-is-gas-ethereum.html

If you're indeed new to cryptocurrencies, and are "not a geek", then let the people with veteran experience who are geeks ask the hard questions.

You Just joined yesterday, claimed to be new to cryptocurrencies and are blatantly supporting a shady project.
Yes, you are definitely NOT a sockpuppet account.

What would be the standard coin issuance rate and how would it work out since there are no (needs for) miners since we accept double spends as kosher, so transaction ordering isn't necessary?

If there would be miners in this system --for whatsoever reason -- what precludes them from taking the cheating to the next level?
They can make Coinbase transactions and double spend far easily more than non-mining users would be able to.

I don't see how there's any way to "profit" from a system that is so trivially easy to game (see Danny's response above on how a user can turn 1 Satoshi into trillions of Bitcoins).
Value (usually) comes from items being scarce; if the system is open and everyone can cheat easily then it wouldn't have any value whatsoever.

Like I said above, systems with hyperinflation are usually centralised in other to work. The centralisation acts as checks and balances, so even if it doesn't actually work, there is an illusion of it working.

If you want to lose the rest of your money, then yes, go ahead.
Please open a thread after gambling so others may yet learn (as if!) from your mistakes.

This is correct.
Addresses are derived from public keys, which are first derived from private keys.
Private key -> public key -> address
So you can have one (WIF) private key, with different addresses, depending on the private keys.
Ordinarily you can create 2 P2PKH addresses from one private key, by using either compressed or uncompressed public keys.
You can also derive P2PWKH, P2SH, and P2SH-P2WPKH addresses from the same public key (note that segwit addresses are all derived from compressed public keys)

How does this work in a decentralised setting?
The reason it works in centralised settings eg banks, is that they're in control of the account and the funds in it.
Bitcoin addresses are free to create, so what stops people from trivially exploiting this?
Also, what do you mean by "collateral"?
And how will the collateral transaction be distinguished from a normal transaction?
If people have to have a "collateral" before making a transaction to prevent double spends so how do they get funds at all, since they have to put some up for collateral?

How does a hyper inflation currency have any value whatsoever apart from the manipulation of centralised entities like banks and governments?

It depends.
If the forked coins you're claiming are consolidated on ONE address (or 2 at most), then you can consider sending the BTC to another wallet address generated by the same seed.
This way you'll just import the private key(s) of the address [es] with the funds and can continue re-using your seed without reusing your old addresses.

If they aren't consolidated in one address, but are spread in several, then importing the private keys one after the other might be a chore and so you'd have to import the seed itself so the wallet can calculate all the addresses where the funds are stored.
In this case as the seed is now considered compromised it's better to generate a new seed and send the funds to the address there.

In both scenarios however,, It's better to err on the side of caution and send the funds to a different seed-generated address entirely and consider the old one compromised.

You can check the source code of the hardware wallet applications for the Ledger, and inspect the firmware source code of the Trezor.
Also you are in possession of the hardware itself so you can break it down and tinker with it to your satisfaction to check if it's broken or not.

Although I do not understand the exposure of the seed phrase of a wallet with the same security of a cold wallet into a hot wallet, you can download the corresponding wallet for each altcoin and import your seed into the wallet.

For LTC there's LTC Core (the node reference client) and Electrum LTC for desktop (SPV Client). There's also leaf wallet and Coinomi for mobile (Android)

For ETH and ETC you can use MyEtherWallet/Mycrypto, Coinomi, etc.

Coinomi, Jaxx, and Exodus are multicurrency wallets and support a vast array of altcoins.

What does the private key start with -- 5, K, or L?

Also, how did you get the private key?

Also, when you say "not accepted anywhere" what exactly do you mean?

Follow the steps here to get the private key for the address you sent the BCH to:
https://airbitz.co/go/faq/how-do-i-get-my-private-key/
Then download Coinomi and sweep the private key to the BCH wallet

Bitcoin and BCash have the same address derivation scheme, so use your private key/seed of the arcbit wallet and import it into a BCash wallet and you'll generate the same address you sent the BCash to on the wallet, then you can access them.

Yes, it does.
For segwit implementation in Btcoin, the hrp is "bc" for mainnet, and "tb" for testnet.
Then the separator is 1.

However for other implementations of Bech32 not related to bitcoin, you can use any 1 to 83 US-ASCII characters, with each character having a value in the range [33-126]

If you want to play around with Bech32 addresses, check out Nullius' segwit vanity address generator

This has nothing to do with bitcoin.
Anyways it's far better to deploy a smart contract that sends the ERC 20 token to the address that sends ETH to it in proportion to the amount sent.
You can see a sample contract on https://www.ethereum.org/crowdsale

They are different things entirely.
Centralized websites differ widely from cryptocurrencies and the stakes are much higher with crypto.
Someone stealing the password to your Facebook account is very different from someone having your seed phrase or private key(s)
Also, the context is different.
Quoting the article you linked:
The admonishments against writing down passwords stem from the fact that in a corporate environment it is risky for passwords to the company systems to be left unprotected.
Corporate environments are more open than home environments are. The choices  of where you can store your written passwords are much smaller (your cubicle /desk) as against your home where you can store it anywhere in the house.

Also, company passwords are required frequently whereas you just need your seed phrase once, and you only need the private key/seed phrase when you want to move your funds . You can always receive crypto into your wallet with your public key/wallet address.

Yes, it matters.
Physical media are easier to secure than digital media; there is no risk whatsoever that a piece of paper can be infected with a virus or malware, and as you said....

Do you really think the average user that doesn't know the difference between a public and private key, that uses Windows OS and downloads warez that may or may not be infected with malware can make an adequately secured airgapped machine or environment?
The average user prefers convenience over security, and for them hardware wallets are the best option because it provides the convenience of a hot wallet with most of the security of a paper wallet.

PS wills have been written in paper for centuries now and they have been kept fairly safe.

Apparently Coinomi supports Bitcoin Private so if you want to access your coins on Coinomi wallet then follow the instructions here
Coinomi is much smaller than Electrum and runs on mobile (Android)

It's not deleted, it's just not shown to you so you won't reuse it.
However if you send bitcoin to a previously used address your wallet can still access it as long as you still know the 12-24 word phrase you were given, you can import that to any wallet and still access your bitcoin from there.

Even if you use 20 different addresses a day, you still wouldn't be able to exhaust the addresses generated from your seed phrase in 10 lifetimes.

They are called DNS Seeds And they are hard coded into the client to help nodes bootstrap.
Basically they are IP addresses of bitcoin nodes run by Bitcoin community members and they assist in peer discovery since new nodes on the network don't know which addresses to connect to.

Yes, it is, but you are not advised to use it to store large amounts of coins as you do not own the private key to the address,NiceHash does, and if they are hacked (like they were before) then your bitcoins are gone.
It is far better to use a wallet where you have the private key or seed phrase.
Pick a wallet from here and use: https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet
Make sure you save the seed phrase securely.