Trekking a curious path via Wikipedia, or: Wikichain.

[Gleb Gamow]

EDIT: At the very least, consider this a fun thread to read from the beginning forward oppose to commenting on it.

EDIT: Once we get to ~20 posts, I'll include the FORKING rules so that we're not locked into a singular chain.
EDIT: Post #20 depicts the start of a successful [contrived] fork (Post #21 locked it in). Simply mimic the text that's directly below the horizontal line which would include the link of the post you're desiring to fork. The single FORKING rule is apparent in Post #20.

If you opt to post to add to the chain, please incorporate the following format rules:

• Visit the Wiki page via the last link(s) posted.
• Find and quote any [single-sentence] passage containing a link to another Wikipedia page. Exclude any reference numbers within brackets.
• Post the URL (link) referenced (also linked) in the sentence below the quote.
• The resulting page must have at least one image on it that'll be gleaned and embedded in the post directly below the URL.
• The image must NOT be wider than 314pt.
• Refrain from posting images depicting illustrations unless it's interesting (I've included one below).
• Include the accompanied caption (in italics sans links) found on the Wiki page under the image for the added sharing of knowledge, in turn, further eliciting emotions.

To reiterate, a post that's continuing the chain should have:

• A quote, with one linked keyword corresponding with the URL Link.
• Corresponding URL Link.
• An Image.
• The caption below the image in italics cited verbatim from the Wiki page.

I reserve the right to revert back to an earlier correct submission that'd include a new addition if deemed necessary. If caught early enough, I may cite, then reformat an errant post using the outlined formatting above, again accompanied with a new submission.

Feel free to comment on posts, whereupon I, or others, will jump back in to continue the chain where it was left off. At the very least, readers and linkers alike will learn of things they've never encountered before.

I've jump-started the theme of this thread with the following depicting the desired affects. Here's to hoping you enjoy.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptozoology


An Okapi at Walt Disney's Animal Kingdom, symbol of the defunct International Society of Cryptozoology

Cryptozoologists contend that because species once considered superstition, hoaxes, delusions, or misidentifications were later accepted as legitimate by the scientific community, descriptions and reports of folkloric creatures should be taken seriously.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoax


The Dreadnought hoaxers in Abyssinian regalia; the bearded figure on the far left is in fact the writer Virginia Woolf.

According to Professor Lynda Walsh of the University of Nevada, Reno, some hoaxes - such as the Great Stock Exchange Fraud of 1814, labeled as a hoax by contemporary commentators - are financial in nature, and successful hoaxers - such as P. T. Barnum, whose Fiji mermaid contributed to his wealth - often acquire monetary gain or fame through their fabrications, so the distinction between hoax and fraud is not necessarily clear.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji_mermaid


P.T. Barnum's Feejee mermaid from 1842

In the '90s TV series The X-Files, the episode "Humbug" depicts the possibility of a series of sideshow murders having been committed by a Fiji mermaid.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humbug_(The_X-Files)


The Conundrum consumes a raw fish.

The agents also meet former performer Jim Jim, the Dogface Boy, who later became the local sheriff after his face went through hair loss.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertrichosis


Petrus Gonsalvus (1648), the first recorded case of hypertrichosis

One record in history concerning congenital hypertrichosis lanuginosa is the hairy family of Burma, a four-generational pedigree of the disease.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma


Kayan women in a village near Inle Lake, 2010.

The Lethwei, Bando, Banshay, Pongyi thaing martial arts and chinlone are the national sports in Burma.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinlone


Men playing chinlone in Burma

The ball is woven from rattan, and makes a distinctive clicking sound when kicked that is part of the aesthetic of the game.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattan


A rattan chair

Unsustainable harvesting of rattan can lead to forest degradation, affecting overall forest ecosystem services.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_forest


The forest in Stanley Park, Vancouver, Canada is generally considered to have second and third growth characteristics. This photo shows regeneration, a tree growing out of the stump of another tree that was felled in 1962 by the remnants of Typhoon Freda.

Usually, secondary forests have only one canopy layer, whereas primary forests have several.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy_(biology)


A Monkey Ladder Vine canopy over a road

[1715507727]

1715507727

[1715507727]

1715507727

[1715507727]

1715507727

[Gleb Gamow]

In the permaculture and forest gardening community, the canopy is the highest of seven layers.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_gardening


Robert Hart's forest garden in Shropshire

The above addition to the chain was accomplished via first visiting https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canopy_(biology) which was the last link in the previous post.

I quoted a sentence from that page which linked "forest gardening".

I posted its URL below the quote.

I included an image found on the page that's now only 314pt wide.

Under the image I added, verbatim, italicized verbiage used as the caption on the Wiki page.

[Gleb Gamow]

<one final example sans comments>

On the Yucatán Peninsula, much of the Maya food supply was grown in "orchard-gardens", known as pet kot.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_civilization


Jade funerary mask of king K'inich Janaab' Pakal

[Gleb Gamow]

In the last centuries before the Spanish Conquest, the Maya began to use the lost-wax method to cast small metal pieces.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost-wax_casting


This bronze piece entitled Lazy Lady, by the sculptor Rowan Gillespie was cast using the lost-wax process.

Visit https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost-wax_casting and see if there's a sentence that includes a link to your liking and cite it, along with the linked term's URL and a no-wider-than 314pt (resized if larger) image from the resulting Wiki page.

[Gleb Gamow]

Some automobile manufacturers use a lost-foam technique to make engine blocks.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_block


DB 605 inverted aircraft engine of WW2, with monobloc cylinder blocks and heads

[Gleb Gamow]

The complex ducting required for intake and exhaust was too complicated to allow the integration of the banks, except on a few rare engines, such as the Lancia 22½° narrow-angle V12 of 1919, that did manage to use a single block casting for both banks.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia


Lancia Beta Torpedo (1909)

[Gleb Gamow]

Lancia's first car adopting a monocoque chassis – the Lambda produced from 1922 to 1931 - featured 'Sliding Pillar' independent front suspension that incorporated the spring and hydraulic damper into a single unit (a feature that would be employed in subsequent Lancia's, up to the Appia that was replaced in 1963).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocoque


Deperdussin Monocoque, with wooden shell construction

[Gleb Gamow]

The Falcon 1 first stage was powered by a single pump-fed Merlin 1C engine burning RP-1 and liquid oxygen providing 410 kilonewtons (92,000 lbf) of sea-level thrust and a specific impulse of 245 s (vacuum Isp 290 s).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin_(rocket_engine_family)


http://Merlin 1C under construction at SpaceX factory

[Gleb Gamow]

Finally, a Merlin 1C vacuum variant is used on the Falcon 9 second stage.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum


A glass McLeod gauge, drained of mercury

[Gleb Gamow]

The reduction of convection provides the thermal insulation of thermos bottles.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_flask


A cryogenic storage dewar of liquid nitrogen, used to supply a cryogenic freezer

[Gleb Gamow]

Over time, the company expanded the size, shapes and materials of these consumer products, primarily used for carrying coffee on the go and carrying liquids on camping trips to keep them either hot or cold.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee


Over the door of a Leipzig coffeeshop is a sculptural representation of a man in Turkish dress, receiving a cup of coffee from a boy

[Gleb Gamow]

Use in religious rites among the Sufi branch of Islam led to coffee's being put on trial in Mecca: it was accused of being a heretical substance, and its production and consumption were briefly repressed.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism


The tomb of Sheikh Rukn-ud-Din Abul Fath located in Multan, Pakistan. The city of Multan is known for various Sufi Saint tombs, as they call it the City of Saints

[Gleb Gamow]

Some teachers, especially when addressing more general audiences, or mixed groups of Muslims and non-Muslims, make extensive use of parable, allegory, and metaphor.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory


Salvator Rosa: Allegory of Fortune, representing Fortuna, the Goddess of luck, with the horn of plenty

[Gleb Gamow]

The Feast of Herod with the Beheading of St John the Baptist by Bartholomeus Strobel is also an allegory of Europe in the time of the Thirty Years War, with portraits of many leading political and military figures.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War


Soldiers plundering a farm during the thirty years' war by Sebastian Vrancx.

[Gleb Gamow]

The destruction of the Koneswaram temple of Trincomalee in 1624 and Ketheeswaram temple accompanied by an extensive campaign of destruction of five hundred Hindu shrines, the Saraswathi Mahal Library, many Buddhist temples and libraries and forced conversion to Roman Catholicism of Hindus and Buddhists conducted by the Portuguese upon their conquest of the Jaffna kingdom to the north of the island and Kingdom of Kotte in the south stand out as brutal consequences.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trincomalee


Procession of Koneswaram idol pooja in Trincomalee city

[Gleb Gamow]

The British admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson called Trincomalee "the finest harbour in the world", while the British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger called the city "the most valuable colonial possession on the globe, as giving to our Indian Empire a security which it had not enjoyed from its establishment" and the harbour "the finest and most advantageous Bay in the whole of India".

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson


Emma Hamilton, Nelson's mistress and mother of his daughter Horatia, in a 1782–84 portrait by George Romney, depicting Emma at the height of her beauty

[Gleb Gamow]

Victory was towed to Gibraltar after the battle, and on arrival the body was transferred to a lead-lined coffin filled with spirits of wine.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar


The last of Gibraltar, by Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau.

[Gleb Gamow]

During World War II, Gibraltar's civilian population was evacuated (mainly to London, England, but also to parts of Morocco, Madeira and Jamaica) and the Rock was strengthened as a fortress.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortification


The well preserved Bulgarian medieval fort Baba Vida.

[Gleb Gamow]

The art of setting out a military camp or constructing a fortification traditionally has been called "castramentation" since the time of the Roman legions.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra


A sanitary channel at Potaissa, Dacia (modern Romania). It is placed cross-slope with a slight decline and then exits down-slope.

[Gleb Gamow]

The Via Praetoria on that side might take the name Via Decumena or the entire Via Praetoria be replaced with Decumanus Maximus.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decumanus_Maximus


Decumanus Maximus in Palmyra in Syria

[Gleb Gamow]

<How to fork off an antecedent post.>

Forking: https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1072238.msg11486275#msg11486275

Single-piece carbon fiber bicycle frames are sometimes described as monocoques however as most use the components to form a frame structure (even if molded in a single piece), these are frames and not monocoques, and the bike industry continues to refer to them as framesets.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_frame


A penny-farthing photographed in the Škoda Auto Museum in the Czech Republic.

[Gleb Gamow]

<The fork is successful once one subsequent post directly follows the forked post, i.e., the post above and this one.>

Recent advances in metallurgy ("Air-hardening steel") have created tubing that is not adversely affected, or whose properties are even improved by high temperature welding temperatures, which has allowed both TIG & MIG welding to sideline lugged construction in all but a few high end bicycles. More expensive lugged frame bicycles have lugs which are filed by hand into fancy shapes - both for weight savings and as a sign of craftsmanship.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy


Georgius Agricola, author of De re metallica, an important early work on metal extraction

[Gleb Gamow]

<The fork is now considered a total success.>

The word was originally an alchemist's term for the extraction of metals from minerals, the ending -urgy signifying a process, especially manufacturing: it was discussed in this sense in the 1797 Encyclopaedia Britannica.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy


Kimiya-yi sa'ādat (The Alchemy of Happiness) – a text on Islamic philosophy and spiritual alchemy by Al-Ghazālī (1058–1111).

[Gleb Gamow]

The former is pursued by historians of the physical sciences who have examined the subject in terms of protochemistry, medicine, and charlatanism.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlatan


Hieronymous Bosch paints a scene of a Renaissance mountebank fleecing credulous gamblers.

[Gleb Gamow]

Rather, the person called a charlatan is being accused of resorting to quackery, pseudoscience, or some knowingly employed bogus means of impressing people in order to swindle his victims by selling them worthless nostrums and similar goods or services that will not deliver on the promises made for them.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_medicine


A horse drawn Bromo Seltzer wagon.

[Gleb Gamow]

The Kickapoo Indian Medicine Company became one of the largest and most successful medicine show operators.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickapoo_people


Kickapoo people building a Winter House in the town of Nacimiento Coahuila, México, 2008

[Gleb Gamow]

American leaders began to advocate the removal of the tribes to land west of the Mississippi River.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River


The beginning of the Mississippi River at Lake Itasca (2004)

[Gleb Gamow]

With its many tributaries, the Mississippi's watershed drains all or parts of 31 U.S. states and 2 Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains


Oil painting of Daniel Boone escorting settlers through the Cumberland Gap

[Gleb Gamow]

The Appalachians first formed roughly 480 million years ago during the Ordovician Period and once reached elevations similar to those of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains before they were eroded.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician


Colonization of land would have been limited to shorelines

[notbatman]

An alternate extinction hypothesis, from Melott et al. (2004), suggested that a ten-second gamma-ray burst could have destroyed the ozone layer and exposed terrestrial and marine surface-dwelling life to deadly radiation and initiated global cooling.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation


The electromagnetic spectrum

[notbatman]

Above infrared in frequency comes visible light.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_light


A triangular prism dispersing a beam of white light. The longer wavelengths (red) and the shorter wavelengths (blue) get separated





NOTE:

The link from "radiation" to "visible light" disappeared while I was previewing this post however, since I clicked a link to get to the "visible light" page that now just redirects to "light" I'm going to post it.

The quote I quoted from now exists on the "electromagnetic spectrum" page that was originally linked from the "ordovician" page. "ordovician" no longer redirects "radiation" to "electromagnetic spectrum" but to a "radiation" page of its own.

Were the links edited while I typed or is it a quote from another universe WTH is going on?  

[notbatman]

[QUOTE NO LONGER AVAILABLE]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light


A cloud illuminated by sunlight






NOTE:

As the "visible light" page no longer exists and now just redirects to "light" I'm unable to copy&paste the linking quote I had just read...

[Gleb Gamow]

An alternate extinction hypothesis, from Melott et al. (2004), suggested that a ten-second gamma-ray burst could have destroyed the ozone layer and exposed terrestrial and marine surface-dwelling life to deadly radiation and initiated global cooling.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation


The electromagnetic spectrum <no links>

This includes electro-magnetic radiation such as radio waves, visible light, and x-rays, particle radiation such as α, β, and neutron radiation and acoustic radiation such as ultrasound, sound, and seismic waves.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_light


A triangular prism dispersing a beam of white light. The longer wavelengths (red) and the shorter wavelengths (blue) get separated


Invisible light and Light are the same Wikipedia pages regardless if linked or not.

I changed the quoted text that included "invisible light" because the one you quoted wasn't linked, albeit you expressed why you did such. I, too, lost it after I followed your steps and clicked on it. Note that once a link is clicked, the color of the linked text changes from a shade of blue to a shade of purple, thus easily overlooked due to the non-usage of underlining links.

No need to link italic text under images.

As for the images, I wanted them to be of actual footage as much as possible oppose to graphics. Although I love the Pink Floyd-esque image, the clouds would've been a better fit.

Thanks kindly, notbatman, for your efforts. You scored a 76. 

[Gleb Gamow]

A rotating cog wheel was placed in the path of the light beam as it traveled from the source, to the mirror and then returned to its origin.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear <as with "invisible light" redirects to "light", so does "cog wheel" redirects to "gear">


Bevel Gear

[Gleb Gamow]

The Antikythera mechanism is an example of a very early and intricate geared device, designed to calculate astronomical positions.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism


Front panel of a 2007 reproduction

[Gleb Gamow]

The ship carrying the device also contained vases in the Rhodian style, leading to a hypothesis the device was constructed at an academy founded by the Stoic philosopher Posidonius on that Greek island.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicism


Antisthenes, founder of the Cynic school of philosophy

[Gleb Gamow]

The active substance, which can be called Fate, or Universal Reason (Logos), is an intelligent aether or primordial fire, which acts on the passive matter:

The universe itself is god and the universal outpouring of its soul; it is this same world's guiding principle, operating in mind and reason, together with the common nature of things and the totality that embraces all existence; then the foreordained might and necessity of the future; then fire and the principle of aether; then those elements whose natural state is one of flux and transition, such as water, earth, and air; then the sun, the moon, the stars; and the universal existence in which all things are contained.
—Chrysippus, in Cicero, De Natura Deorum, i.39

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aether_(classical_element)


Sir Isaac Newton

[Gleb Gamow]

Aristotle, who had been Plato's student at the Akademia, disagreed with his former mentor and added aether to the system of the classical elements of Ionian philosophy as the "fifth element".

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonic_Academy


Ancient road to the Academy.

[Gleb Gamow]

From there, the students of an Academy-in-exile could have survived into the 9th century, long enough to facilitate an Arabic revival of the Neoplatonist commentary tradition in Baghdad, beginning with the foundation of the House of Wisdom in 832; one of the major centers of learning in the intervening period (6th to 8th centuries) was the Academy of Gundishapur in Sassanid Persia.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wisdom


Al-Idrisi's map of the world (12th). Note South is on top.

[Gleb Gamow]

Indeed, Ptolemy's Almagest was claimed as a condition for peace after a war between the Abbasids and the Byzantine Empire.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire


Byzantine lamellar armour klivanium (Kλιβάνιoν) - a predecessor of Ottoman krug mirror armour

[Gleb Gamow]

Forking: https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1072238.msg11610976#msg11610976

Black powder may have been an important invention of Chinese alchemists.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder


The old Powder or Pouther magazine dating from 1642, built by order of Charles I. Irvine, North Ayrshire, Scotland

[Gleb Gamow]

After the end of World War I, the majority of the United Kingdom gunpowder manufacturers merged into a single company, "Explosives Trades limited"; and number of sites were closed down, including those in Ireland.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I


Austro-Hungarian troops executing captured Serbians, 1917. Serbia lost about 850,000 people during the war, a quarter of its pre-war population.

[Gleb Gamow]

As Russia mobilized in support of Serbia, Germany invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, leading Britain to declare war on Germany.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg


Bouneschlupp is considered to be a Luxemburgish national dish

[notbatman]

The recorded history of Luxembourg begins with the acquisition of Lucilinburhuc (today Luxembourg Castle) situated on the Bock rock by Siegfried, Count of Ardennes, in 963 through an exchange act with St. Maximin's Abbey, Trier.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bock_(Luxembourg)


The "Hollow Tooth" tower with Saint Michael's Church in the background







NOTE:

I had to mirror the above image (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Huelen_Zant.jpg) for this post, I took a screenshot of the error that the direct link from wiki produced:

[Gleb Gamow]

The recorded history of Luxembourg begins with the acquisition of Lucilinburhuc (today Luxembourg Castle) situated on the Bock rock by Siegfried, Count of Ardennes, in 963 through an exchange act with St. Maximin's Abbey, Trier.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bock_(Luxembourg)


The "Hollow Tooth" tower with Saint Michael's Church in the background




NOTE:

I had to mirror the above image (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Huelen_Zant.jpg) for this post, I took a screenshot of the error that the direct link from wiki produced:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bock_(Luxembourg) <--Note that link is broken due to that second parenthesis, but if you wrap in code it works: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bock_(Luxembourg)



The image seems to work for me: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Huelen_Zant.jpg/640px-Huelen_Zant.jpg

BTW, I love this addition. Thanks, bud.

[Gleb Gamow]

In addition to these structures, the Bock also included a system of casemates which originated in the cellars of the medieval castle.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casemate


The Beehive Casemate was built into this cliff at Obelisk Bay, Sydney, Australia, in 1871

[Gleb Gamow]

The American Civil War saw the use of casemate ironclads: armored steamboats with a very low freeboard and their guns on the main deck ('Casemate deck') protected by a sloped armoured casemate, which sat on top of the hull.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclad_warship


Breech-loading 110 pounder Armstrong gun on HMS Warrior

[Gleb Gamow]

From the 1860s to the 1880s many naval designers believed that the development of the ironclad meant that the ram was again the most important weapon in naval warfare.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_ram


A ram on the bow of Olympias, a modern reconstruction of an ancient Athenian trireme.

[Gleb Gamow]

Carbon 14 dating of timber remnants date it to between 530 BC and 270 BC.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating


Sheep on the beach in North Ronaldsay. In the winter, these sheep eat seaweed, which has a higher δ13C content than grass; samples from these sheep have a δ13C value of about −13‰, which is much higher than for sheep that feed on grasses.

[Gleb Gamow]

The development of radiocarbon dating has had a profound impact on archaeology.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology


An early photograph of Stonehenge taken July 1877

[Gleb Gamow]

Aerial survey is conducted using cameras attached to airplanes, balloons, or even Kites.

<no idea why "Kites" was capitalized unless https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_(disambiguation)>

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite


Morro Bay, California Kite Festival 2014

[Gleb Gamow]

In 1750 Benjamin Franklin published a proposal for an experiment to prove that lightning was caused by electricity by flying a kite in a storm that appeared capable of becoming a lightning storm.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin


Franklin on the Series 2009 hundred dollar bill

[Gleb Gamow]

Among his many creations were the lightning rod, glass armonica (a glass instrument, not to be confused with the metal harmonica), Franklin stove, bifocal glasses and the flexible urinary catheter.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_harmonica


A modern glass armonica built using Benjamin Franklin's design

[Gleb Gamow]

A modern version of the "purported dangers" claims that players suffered lead poisoning because armonicas were made of lead glass.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning


A lead warning on a fuel pump. Tetraethyllead, which used to be added to automotive gasoline (and still is added to aviation gasoline), contributed to soil contamination.

[Gleb Gamow]

Although leaded soil is less of a problem in countries that no longer have leaded gasoline, it remains prevalent, raising concerns about the safety of urban agriculture; eating food grown in contaminated soil can present a lead hazard.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_agriculture


Edible Oyster Mushrooms growing on used coffee grounds

[Gleb Gamow]

Farmers' markets, such as the farmers' market in Los Angeles, provide a common land where farmers can sell their product to consumers.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers%27_market


Alpacas at the Richmond Farmers' Market in Richmond, Rhode Island, USA.

[Gleb Gamow]

One such wholesale farmers' market is the South Carolina State Farmers Market, which is a major supplier of watermelons, cantaloupes, and peaches for produce buyers in the north-eastern US. Farmers' markets also may supply buyers from produce stands, restaurants, and garden stores with fresh fruits and vegetables, plants, seedlings and nursery stock, honey, and other agricultural products.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peach


Netsuke Old Man of the South Pole (Jurojin in Japanese tradition), holding a peach

[Gleb Gamow]

Forking: https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1072238.msg11671473#msg11671473

At the time of the Belgian Revolution of 1830–1839, and by the 1839 Treaty establishing full independence, Luxembourg's territory was reduced by more than half, as the predominantly francophone western part of the country was transferred to Belgium.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Revolution


Charles Rogier leads the 250 revolutionary volunteers from Liège to Brussels (Charles Soubre, 1878)

[Gleb Gamow]

However, in the end, none of the European powers sent troops to aid the Dutch government, partly because of rebellions within some of their own borders (the Russians were occupied with the November Uprising in Poland and Prussia was saddled with war debt).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_Uprising


Seal of the Dictator of the uprising

[Gleb Gamow]

The Polish forces then assembled on the right bank of the Vistula to defend the capital.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula


Biała Wisełka

[Gleb Gamow]

The root of the name Vistula is Indo-European *u̯eis- ‘to ooze, flow slowly’ (cf. Sanskrit aveṣan ‘they flowed’, Old Norse veisa ‘slime’) and is found in many European rivernames (e.g. Weser, Viesinta).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit


A poem by the ancient Indian poet Vallana (ca. 900 – 1100 CE) on the side wall of a building at the Haagweg 14 in Leiden, Netherlands

[Gleb Gamow]

A significant form of post-Vedic Sanskrit is found in the Sanskrit of the Hindu Epics—the Ramayana and Mahabharata.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata


Draupadi with her five husbands - the Pandavas. The central figure is Yudhishthira; the two on the bottom are Bhima and Arjuna. Nakula and Sahadeva, the twins, are standing. Painting by Raja Ravi Varma, c. 1900.

[Gleb Gamow]

About 1.8 million words in total, the Mahabharata is roughly ten times the length of the Iliad and the Odyssey combined, or about four times the length of the Ramayana.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliad


Achilles Lamenting the Death of Patroclus (1855) by the Russian realist Nikolai Ge

[Gleb Gamow]

The Catalogue of Ships in particular has the striking feature that its geography does not portray Greece in the Iron Age, the time of Homer, but as it was before the Dorian invasion.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_invasion


A record of Pylos, preserved by baking in the fire that destroyed the palace about 1200 BC, according to the excavator, Carl Blegen. The record must date to about 1200, as the unbaked clay, used mainly for diurnal or other short-term records, would soon have disintegrated.

[Gleb Gamow]

They destroyed the palace of Iolcos (LH III C-1), the palace of Thebes ( late LH III B), then they crossed Isthmus of Corinth (end of LH III B) they destroyed Mycenae, Tiryns and Pylos, and finally they returned northward.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycenae


The Lion Gate at Mycenae.

[Gleb Gamow]

Orestes then built a larger state in the Peloponnese, but he died in Arcadia from a snake bite.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake


Carpet python constricting and consuming a chicken.

[Gleb Gamow]

In the Late Cretaceous, snakes recolonized land, and continued to diversify into today's snakes.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous


Although the first representatives of leafy trees and true grasses emerged in the Cretaceous, the flora was still dominated by conifers like Araucaria (Here: Modern Araucaria araucana in Chile).

[Gleb Gamow]

The now-famous "Ring of Cenotes" (visible in NASA imagery) outlines one of the shock-waves from this impact event in the rock of ~66 million years of age, which lies more than 1 km below the modern ground surface near the centre, with the rock above the impact strata all being younger in age.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenote


The Sacred Cenote at Chichén Itzá, Mexico.

[Gleb Gamow]

Cenotes are formed by dissolution of rock and the resulting subsurface void, which may or may not be linked to an active cave system, and the subsequent structural collapse.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave


Lechuguilla Cave, New Mexico, USA

[Gleb Gamow]

This is a rough generalization, as large expanses of North America and Asia contain no documented caves, whereas areas such as the Madagascar dry deciduous forests and parts of Brazil contain many documented caves.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar_dry_deciduous_forests


Coquerel's Sifaka in arboreal feeding mode in Anjajavy Forest.

[Gleb Gamow]

These dry deciduous forests span the coastal plain with its limestone plateaus emanating virtually at sea level to higher altitudes to 800 metres.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau


Hardangervidda, the largest plateau in Europe

[Gleb Gamow]

<Apologies for breaking the Cardinal Rule pertaining to image size restrictions, but it's the Grand Canyon; Also, been there, done that [at sunset]!>

In northern Arizona and southern Utah the Colorado Plateau is bisected by the Colorado River and the Grand Canyon.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon


View from the South Rim

[Gleb Gamow]

Canyon tourists and residents of Supai, a town located in the bottom of the canyon, were evacuated from the Supai area on August 17–18, 2008 due to a break in the earthen Redlands Dam, located upstream of Supai, after a night of heavy rainfall.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supai,_Arizona


The Wigleeva rock formations watch over Supai

[Gleb Gamow]

Tourists and some residents were evacuated from Supai and surrounding area on August 17 and 18, 2008, due to flooding of Havasu Creek complicated by the failure of the earthen Redlands Dam after a night of heavy rainfall.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havasu_Creek


Mooney Falls

Bonus Excerpt: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havasu_Creek#Mooney_Falls

Mooney Falls is the fourth main waterfall in the canyon. It is named after D. W. "James" Mooney, a miner, who in 1882 – according to his companions – decided to mine the area near Havasu Falls for minerals. The group then decided to try Mooney Falls. One of his companions was injured, so James Mooney decided to try to climb up the falls with his companion tied to his back, and subsequently fell to his death. The Falls are located 2.25 miles (3.6 km) from Supai, just past the campgrounds. The trail leads to the top of the falls, where there is a lookout/photograph area that overlooks the 210-foot (64 m) canyon wall that the waterfall cascades over. In order to gain access to the bottom of the falls and its pool, a very rugged and dangerous descent is required. Extreme care and discretion for the following portion is required; it is highly exposed and should not be attempted when the weather and/or conditions are not suitable.

The trail down is located on the left side (looking downstream), up against the canyon wall. The first half of the trail is only moderately difficult until the entrance of a small passageway/cave is reached. At this point the trail becomes very difficult and very precarious. The small passageway is large enough for the average human, and leads to a small opening in which another passageway is entered. At the end of the second passageway the trail becomes a semi-vertical rock climb that is similar to descending a ladder. Strategically placed chains, handholds, and ladders aid in the climb.

Mist from the falls often makes the rock slippery, and the climb is also difficult because of having to pass people going in the opposite direction. The pool is the largest of the three, and some people jump from low cliff ledges into the pool. It is possible for strong swimmers to swim to the left of the falls to the rock wall and then to a small cave that is located just above the water line, approximately 15–20 feet (5 to 6 meters) away from the falls. An island breaks the pool into two streams.

[Gleb Gamow]

It is possible to swim behind the falls and enter a small rock shelter behind it.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_shelter


Rock shelter in the Little Carpathians

[Gleb Gamow]

Transhumant nomads, people who move with their livestock - often from lower permanent winter residences in the valleys to higher summer pastures - frequently build semi-permanent camps, often of rocks.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumance


Haru Oms at Glybank near Kuboes in the Richtersveld

[Gleb Gamow]

The film, Brokeback Mountain (2005), portrays shepherds driving sheep into BLM mountain meadows for grazing.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokeback_Mountain


Theatrical release poster

[Gleb Gamow]

It won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival, as well as the title Best Picture from the Boston Society of Film Critics, the Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association, the Florida Film Critics Circle, the Las Vegas Film Critics Society, the Los Angeles Film Critics Association, the New York Film Critics Circle, the San Francisco Film Critics Circle, the Southeastern Film Critics Association, the Utah Film Critics Society, and the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTAs).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas


Desert scene near Red Rock Canyon in the Las Vegas area

[Gleb Gamow]

Due to water resource issues, there has been a movement to encourage xeriscapes.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeriscaping


Cacti are one of the low-water-consuming plants used in Xeriscaping.

[Gleb Gamow]

The specific plants used in xeriscaping depend upon the climate. Xeriscaping is different from natural landscaping, because the emphasis in xeriscaping is on selection of plants for water conservation, not necessarily selecting native plants.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_landscaping


Banksia spinulosa, a Sydney, Australia local plant which attracts wildlife

[Gleb Gamow]

However, these applications may be necessary for some preventative care of trees and other vegetation in areas of degraded or weedy landscapes.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species


Beavers from North America constitute an invasive species in Tierra del Fuego, where they have a substantial impact on landscape and local ecology through their dams.

[Gleb Gamow]

One such facilitative mechanism is allelopathy, also known as chemical competition or interference competition, where a plant secretes chemicals that make the surrounding soil uninhabitable, or at least inhibitory, to competing species.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allelopathy


Casuarina equisetifolia litter completely suppresses germination of understory plants as shown here despite the relative openness of the canopy and ample rainfall (>120 cm/yr) at the location

[Gleb Gamow]

Allelopathy is characteristic of certain plants, algae, bacteria, coral, and fungi.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae


Rock lichens in Ireland

[Gleb Gamow]

The Algal Collection of the US National Herbarium (located in the National Museum of Natural History) consists of approximately 320,500 dried specimens, which, although not exhaustive (no exhaustive collection exists), gives an idea of the order of magnitude of the number of algal species (that number remains unknown).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History


Ford Model T parked in front of the National Museum in 1926

[Gleb Gamow]

Additionally, the Smithsonian's National Gem and Mineral Collection houses approximately 35,000 meteorites, which is considered to be one of the most comprehensive collections of its kind in the world.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorite


A cut and polished slice of the Esquel meteorite, a stony-iron pallasite. Yellow-green olivine crystals are encased in the iron-nickel matrix.

[Gleb Gamow]

Although such disruption events are uncommon, they can cause a considerable concussion to occur; the famed Tunguska event probably resulted from such an incident.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunguska_event


The Southern swamp—the hypocentre of the Tunguska explosion—in 2008

[Gleb Gamow]

Most likely it was between 10 and 15 megatons of TNT (42 and 63 PJ), and if so, the energy of the explosion was about 1,000 times greater than that of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan; roughly equal to that of the United States' Castle Bravo ground-based thermonuclear test detonation on March 1, 1954; and about two-fifths that of the Soviet Union's later Tsar Bomba (the largest nuclear weapon ever detonated).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Bravo


Castle Bravo mushroom cloud

[Gleb Gamow]

In Mike the fallout correctly landed north of the inhabited area but, in the 1954 Bravo test, there was a lot of wind shear, and the wind that was blowing north the day before the test steadily veered towards the east.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_shear


Strong wind shear in the high troposphere forms the anvil-shaped top of this mature cumulonimbus cloud, or thunderstorm.

[Gleb Gamow]

In the tropics, tropical waves move from east to west across the Atlantic and eastern Pacific basins.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean


Tahuna maru islet, French Polynesia

[Gleb Gamow]

The equator subdivides it into the North Pacific Ocean and South Pacific Ocean, with two exceptions: the Galápagos and Gilbert Islands, while straddling the equator, are deemed wholly within the South Pacific.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands


Blue-footed booby

[Gleb Gamow]

European discovery of the Galápagos Islands occurred when Spaniard Fray Tomás de Berlanga, the fourth Bishop of Panama, sailed to Peru to settle a dispute between Francisco Pizarro and his lieutenants.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru


The citadel of Machu Picchu, an iconic symbol of pre-Columbian Peru

[Gleb Gamow]

In pre-Hispanic times, musical expressions varied widely in each region; the quena and the tinya were two common instruments.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quena


The quena is a South American wind instrument, mostly used by Andean musicians

[Gleb Gamow]

In most of Andes' towns "vamos a ir a la quena" (we will go to the quena) was a popular sentence to threaten little children, because the quena was made of totora, a hard material.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes


A male Andean cock-of-the-rock, a species found in humid Andean forests of Peru, the country of which it is the national bird.

[Gleb Gamow]

The vicuña and guanaco can be found living in the Altiplano, while the closely related domesticated llama and alpaca are widely kept by locals as pack animals and for their meat and wool.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpaca


Guanacos (wild parent species of llamas) near Torres del Paine, Chile

[Gleb Gamow]

Twins are rare, occurring about once per 1000 deliveries.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin


A pair of female ere ibeji twin figures (early 20th-century) in the permanent collection of The Children's Museum of Indianapolis. Yoruba people have the highest twinning rate in the world.

[Gleb Gamow]

In a study on the maternity records of 5750 Hausa women living in the Savannah zone of Nigeria, there were 40 twins and 2 triplets per 1000 births.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_people


The 15th century Gobarau minaret in Katsina.

[Gleb Gamow]

Depending on their location and occupation, they may wear a Tuareg-style turban around this to veil the face (known as Alasho or Tagelmust).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagelmust


A cheche, worn by a woman.

[Gleb Gamow]

A tagelmust (also known as cheich or cheche) is an indigo dyed cotton garment with the appearance of both a veil and a turban.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_dye


Pot of freeze-dried indigo dye

[Gleb Gamow]

It is the blue of blue jeans.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeans


A traditional female Genoese dress in "blue jeans" (1890s)

[Gleb Gamow]

The used or "acid wash" look is created by means of abrading the jeans and/or treating them with chemicals, such as acryl resin, phenol, a hypochlorite, potassium permanganate, caustic soda, acids etc.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_washing#Acid-washed_jeans


Ronald Reagan wearing stonewash denim associated with Western clothing, 1970s.

[Gleb Gamow]

Despite its association with punk fashion, however, the faded effect was copied by many individuals not associated with the subculture, who dipped their jeans in diluted bleach and embellished them with metal studs, embroidery and rhinestones.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinestone


Rhinestones on a tiara

[Gleb Gamow]

Aurora Borealis tends to reflect whatever color is worn near it, and it is named after the Aurora Borealis atmospheric phenomenon, also known as the "Northern Lights".

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora


Red and green auroras, Norway

[Gleb Gamow]

The painting Aurora Borealis (see Aurora Borealis) (1865) by American landscape painter Frederic Edwin Church is widely interpreted to represent the conflict of the American Civil War.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War


An 1863 photo of Gordon, distributed in the North during the war.

[Gleb Gamow]

Irreconcilable disagreements over slavery ended the Whig and Know Nothing political parties, and later split the Democratic Party between North and South, while the new Republican Party angered slavery interests by demanding a definite end to its expansion.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know_Nothing


Citizen Know Nothing: The Know Nothing Party's nativist ideal.

[Gleb Gamow]

In the late 19th century, Democrats would call the Republicans "Know Nothings" in order to secure the votes of Germans, as in the Bennett Law campaign in Wisconsin in 1890.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin


Frank Lloyd Wright's Taliesin in Spring Green

[Gleb Gamow]

The area draws hundreds of thousands of visitors yearly to its quaint villages, seasonal cherry picking, and fish boils.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_boil


Platter of Fish Boil, which is traditionally served in Door County.

Bonus Link: Door County Dining Must Do--The Door County Fish Boil

[Gleb Gamow]

Salt is the only seasoning used, and used only to raise the specific gravity of the water.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravity


Testing specific gravity of fuel.

[Gleb Gamow]

Specific gravity is commonly used in industry as a simple means of obtaining information about the concentration of solutions of various materials such as brines, hydrocarbons, sugar solutions (syrups, juices, honeys, brewers wort, must etc.) and acids.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must


Grapes being pressed to create must.

[Gleb Gamow]

In Roman Catholic Eucharistic liturgy, must may be substituted for sacramental wine, on condition that the ordinary has granted permission for the benefit of a priest or lay person who should not, usually because of alcoholism, ingest wine; but in normal circumstances it may not be used in place of wine.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_(officer)


Pope Pius XI, depicted in this window at Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace, Honolulu, was ordinary of the universal Church as well as the Diocese of Rome from 1922 to 1939. At the same time, Bishop Stephen Alencastre, Apostolic Vicar of the Sandwich Islands, was the ordinary of what is now the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu.

[Gleb Gamow]

This is not to say that the Orthodox Church has a Congregationalist polity; on the contrary, the local priest functions as the "hands" of the bishop, and must receive from the bishop an antimension and chrism before he is permitted to celebrate any of the Sacred Mysteries (sacraments) within the diocese.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_mysteries


Wrisberg epitaph in Hildesheim Cathedral, showing distribution of the divine graces by means of the church and the sacraments, or mysteries. By Johannes Hopffe 1585.

[Gleb Gamow]

Although the term "mystery" is not often used in anthropology, access by initiation or rite of passage to otherwise secret beliefs is an extremely common feature of indigenous religions all over the world.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology


A Punu tribe mask. Gabon Central Africa

[Gleb Gamow]

Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems, nutritional status and food security, and how changes in the former affect the latter.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_security


Goats are an important part of the solution to global food security because they are fairly low-maintenance and easy to raise and farm.

[Gleb Gamow]

At the food production level, natural disasters and drought result in crop failure and decreased food availability.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disaster


Fallen trees caused by the Tunguska meteoroid of the Tunguska event in June 1908.

[Gleb Gamow]

It is believed that Pompeii was destroyed by a pyroclastic flow.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii


Portrait of the baker Terentius Neo with his wife found on the wall of a Pompeii house. (Portrait of Paquius Proculo)

[Gleb Gamow]

In the 4th century BC, it was fortified. Pompeii remained faithful to Rome during the Second Punic War.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Punic_War


Tomb of the Numidian king Massinissa (c. 238–c. 148 BC). Massinissa, leader of the Massyli tribe, was originally an ally of Carthage and fought against the Romans in Iberia. But, after the Battle of Ilipa in 206 BC, he switched sides. His support at the Battle of Zama was critical to the Roman victory. Massinissa remained a staunch Roman ally for the rest of his long life. Site: Shoumaa el-Khroub, near Constantine, Algeria

[Gleb Gamow]

At the Ebro, he split the army into three columns and subdued the tribes from there to the Pyrenees within weeks, but with severe losses.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebro


The source of the Ebro in Fontibre.

[Gleb Gamow]

Aragonite, a mineral named for Aragon, attests to the fact that carbonates are abundant in the central Ebro Valley.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon


Loarre, one of the most important Romanesque castles in Europe

[Gleb Gamow]

In Summer 2008, the international exposition of Expo 2008 was held in Zaragoza.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_2008


Channel of brave waters

[Gleb Gamow]

Canada's Cirque du Soleil participated with acrobats, actors, gymnasts, singers and musicians.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque_du_Soleil


On stage at the 1993 finale of Nouvelle Expérience.

[Gleb Gamow]

A new idea became to come shape the performing arts, Cirque du Soleil founder Guy Laliberté toured Europe as a folk musician and busker after quitting college.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_performance


Street musician Luc Arbogast in Lyon, France.

[Gleb Gamow]

Finally this resulted in Stewart being rounded up and deported from Spain for vagrancy during 1963.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagrancy_(people)


John Everett Millais "The Blind Girl", depicting vagrant musicians

[Gleb Gamow]

In Tudor England, some of those who begged door-to-door for "milk, yeast, drink, pottage" were thought to be witches.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottage


An example of pottage.

[Gleb Gamow]

It was a staple food from neolithic times to the Middle Ages.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic


Reconstruction of Neolithic house in Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina

[benawesome100]

I dont get it. it is so much to read and do i can not be stuffed. Sorry :|

[Gleb Gamow]

I dont get it. it is so much to read and do i can not be stuffed. Sorry :|

Yeah, I guess some folks can get overwhelmed by knowledge.

Early Neolithic farming was limited to a narrow range of plants, both wild and domesticated, which included einkorn wheat, millet and spelt, and the keeping of dogs, sheep and goats.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat#History


Goat husbandry is common through the Norte Chico region in Chile. Intensive goat husbrandry in drylands may produce severe erosion and desertification. Image from upper Limarí River

[Omikifuse]

"Goats are among the earliest animals domesticated by humans.[5] The most recent genetic analysis[6] confirms the archaeological evidence that the wild Bezoar ibex of the Zagros Mountains are the likely origin of almost all domestic goats today.[5]"

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros_Mountains

[Gleb Gamow]

The most recent genetic analysis confirms the archaeological evidence that the wild Bezoar ibex of the Zagros Mountains are the likely origin of almost all domestic goats today.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros_Mountains


Oshtoran Kooh Mountain

[Gleb Gamow]

The ancestors of many familiar foods, including wheat, barley, lentil, almond, walnut, pistachio, apricot, plum, pomegranate and grape can be found growing wild throughout the mountains.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate


Girl with a pomegranate, by William-Adolphe Bouguereau, 1875

[Gleb Gamow]

It is also extensively grown in South China and in Southeast Asia, whether originally spread along the route of the Silk Road or brought by sea traders.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road


A late Zhou or early Han Chinese bronze mirror inlaid with glass, perhaps incorporated Greco-Roman artistic patterns

[Gleb Gamow]

In addition, the vast grassland steppes of Asia provided fertile grazing, water, and easy passage for caravans, enabling merchants to travel immense distances, from the shores of the Pacific to Africa and deep into Europe, without trespassing on agricultural lands and arousing hostility.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravan_(travellers)


Edwin Lord Weeks, Arrival of a Caravan Outside the City of Morocco

[Gleb Gamow]

An example are the camel trains traversing the southern edges of the Sahara Desert.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_train


A modern sculptor's depiction of (the head of) a caravan approaching Beijing, complete with a camel-puller and a mounted caravan master, head cook, or xiansheng riding next to him. In the deserts of Mongolia, one would not see a dignitary in a sedan chair travelling along, nor would a baby camel accompany its mother.

[Gleb Gamow]

Once the camel-puller got rich enough to own close to a full file of 18 camels, he could join the caravan not as an employee but as a kind of a partner - now instead of earning wages he would be paying money (around 20 taels per round-trip in 1926) to the owner of (the rest of) the caravan for the benefit of joining the caravan, sharing in the food, etc.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tael


Japanese Edo era tael sycees. In descending size, 30, 20, 10, 5, 4, 3, and 2 tael sycees.

[Gleb Gamow]

Traditional Chinese silver sycees and other currencies of fine metals were not denominated or made by a central mint and their value was determined by their weight in taels.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mint_(coin)


French-made coining press from 1831 (M.A.N., Madrid).

[Gleb Gamow]

These were the first truly modern coins; - the mass-production of coinage with steam driven machinery organised in factories, enabled the achievement of standardized dimensions and uniform weight and roundness, something no counterfeiter of the day could hope to achieve.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_system


New Lanark mill

[Gleb Gamow]

Other products such as nails had long been produced in factory workshops, increasingly diversified using the division of labour to increase the efficiency of the system.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nail_(fastener)


The Iron Roland of Mannheim (1915)

[Gleb Gamow]

Once nails became cheap and widely available, they were often used in folk art and outsider art as a method of decorating a surface with metallic studs.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_art


Darrel Mortimer holding 8' tattooed bamboo chillum; photograph by Sally Larsen, 2009

[Gleb Gamow]

For example, Pablo Picasso was inspired by African tribal sculptures and masks, while Natalia Goncharova and others were inspired by traditional Russian popular prints called luboks.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubok


A scuffle of Baba Yaga (riding a pig) with the Crocodile.

[Gleb Gamow]

Wolves, horses, reindeer and other animals are considered to be the ‘helping animals’ to the sorcerers in the woodcuts.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_wolf


Gray wolf marking its territory with urine

[Gleb Gamow]

It has a long history of association with humans, having been despised and hunted in most pastoral communities due to its attacks on livestock, while conversely being respected in some agrarian and hunter-gatherer societies.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoralism


Khoikhoi dismantling their huts, preparing to move to new pastures. Aquatint by Samuel Daniell (1805). The Khoikhoi practiced pastoralism for thousands of years in southern Africa.

[Gleb Gamow]

Grazing herds on savannas can ensure the biodiversity of the savannas and prevent them from evolving into scrubland.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrubland


Moorland on Kilimanjaro

[Gleb Gamow]

Shrubland, scrubland, scrub or brush is a plant community characterised by vegetation dominated by shrubs, often also including grasses, herbs, and geophytes.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceous_plant


Trientalis latifolia (Broadleaf Starflower) is a perennial herbaceous plant of the ground layer of forests in western North America.

[Gleb Gamow]

Others form the main vegetation of many stable habitats, occurring for example in the ground layer of forests, or in naturally open habitats such as meadow, salt marsh or desert.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadow


Wildflower meadow

[Gleb Gamow]

They often host a multitude of wildlife, providing areas for courtship displays, nesting, gathering food or sometimes sheltering if the vegetation is high enough.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtship_display


Male peacock spider, Maratus volans, courtship display

[Gleb Gamow]

If a female chooses more than one male, then sperm competition comes into play.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_competition


Male dunnocks (Prunella modularis) peck at the female's cloaca, removing sperm of previous mates.

[Gleb Gamow]

Bumblebee mating plugs, in addition to providing a physical barrier to further copulations, contain linoleic acid, which reduces re-mating tendencies of females.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumblebee


Beatrix Potter called Babbity Bumble a "bumble bee" in The Tale of Mrs Tittlemouse, 1910.

[Gleb Gamow]

European bumblebees have been introduced to New Zealand and Tasmania.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania


Although Tasmanian devils are nocturnal, they like to rest in the sun. Scarring from fighting is visible next to this devil's left eye.

[Gleb Gamow]

Tasmania has extremely diverse vegetation, from the heavily grazed grassland of the dry Midlands to the tall evergreen eucalypt forest, alpine heathlands and large areas of cool temperate rainforests and moorlands in the rest of the state.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_climate


White Mountain, an alpine environment at 4,300 metres (14,000 ft) in California

[Gleb Gamow]

As the altitude increases, the main form of precipitation becomes snow and the winds increase.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow


Snow on trees, Germany.

[Gleb Gamow]

Initial attempts to find identical snowflakes by photographing thousands their images under a microscope from 1885 onward by Wilson Alwyn Bentley found the wide variety of snowflakes we know about today

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography


Color photography was possible long before Kodachrome, as this 1903 portrait by Sarah Angelina Acland demonstrates, but in its earliest years the need for special equipment, long exposures and complicated printing processes made it extremely rare.

[Gleb Gamow]

Long before the first photographs were made, Chinese philosopher Mo Di and Greek mathematicians Aristotle and Euclid described a pinhole camera in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid


One of the oldest surviving fragments of Euclid's Elements, found at Oxyrhynchus and dated to circa AD 100 (P. Oxy. 29). The diagram accompanies Book II, Proposition 5.

[Gleb Gamow]

Proclus later retells a story that, when Ptolemy I asked if there was a shorter path to learning geometry than Euclid's Elements, "Euclid replied there is no royal road to geometry."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter


The taking of Jerusalem by Ptolemy Soter ca. 320 BC, by Jean Fouquet.

[Gleb Gamow]

This account is generally accepted by modern scholars, although the earliest datable mention of it is from coins issued by Ptolemy II in 263 BC.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia


Nalanda, ancient center of higher learning in Bihar, India from 427 to 1197

[Gleb Gamow]

The sacred space, dedicated to the goddess of wisdom, Athena, had formerly been an olive grove, hence the expression "the groves of Academe."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive


Olive tree in Bar, Montenegro that is over 2,000 years old

[Gleb Gamow]

Rabbits eat the bark of olive trees and can do considerable damage, especially to young trees.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit


Outdoor entrance to a rabbit burrow

[Gleb Gamow]

The fur is most commonly long and soft, with colors such as shades of brown, gray, and buff.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buff_(colour)


General Washington wearing The Buff and Blue

[Gleb Gamow]

The funnels of the RMS Titanic and all other ships of the White Star Line were designated to be "buff with a black top" in order to indicate their ownership.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Titanic


Copy after Merry-Joseph Blondel of the neoclassical oil painting La Circassienne au Bain; the most highly valued single item of cargo lost on the Titanic.

[Gleb Gamow]

The plates were laid in a clinkered (overlapping) fashion from the keel to the bilge.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)


Clinkered prow of the Viking Oseberg ship

[Gleb Gamow]

A head is formed by clenching it over a washer in a swage plate.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaging


A selection of blacksmithing swages.

[Gleb Gamow]

Swaging is normally the method of choice for precious metals since there is no loss of material in the process.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precious_metal


1 oz Vienna Philharmonic gold coin

[Gleb Gamow]

The statue known as Eros atop the Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain (1885–1893) in London's Piccadilly Circus is also of cast aluminium.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus


Piccadilly Circus in 1949

[Gleb Gamow]

Piccadilly Circus was created in 1819, at the junction with Regent Street, which was then being built under the planning of John Nash on the site of a house and garden belonging to a Lady Hutton.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nash_(architect)


Cronkhill

[Gleb Gamow]

In 1781 Nash instigated action against Jane for separation on grounds of adultery.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultery


Anne Boleyn was found guilty of adultery and treason and executed in 1536. There is controversy among historians as to whether she had actually committed adultery.

[Gleb Gamow]

Furthermore, Deuteronomic code prescribes stoning not only for female extramarital sex, but also for female premarital sex in the case where the woman lies about her virginity:

If any man take a wife, and go in unto her, … and say, / I took this woman, and when I came to her, I found her not a maid. / … But if this thing be true, and the tokens of virginity be not found for the damsel: / Then they shall bring out the damsel to the door of her father's house, and the men of her city shall stone her with stones that she die.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoning


Du'a Khalil Aswad was stoned to death in Iraq

[Gleb Gamow]

Amnesty International later learned that the girl was in fact 13 years old and had been arrested by al-Shabab militia after she had reported being gang-raped by three men.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International


The Amnesty Canadian headquarters in Ottawa.

[Gleb Gamow]

The organisation was awarded the 1977 Nobel Peace Prize for its "campaign against torture," and the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights in 1978.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize


The 14th Dalai Lama and Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Nobel Peace Prize laureates

[Gleb Gamow]

From 1901 to 1904, the ceremony took place in the Storting (Parliament)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storting_building


The proposal by Heinrich Ernst Schirmer and Wilhelm von Hanno that won the 1856 competition, but was finally rejected by the Storting.

[Gleb Gamow]

The building is built in yellow brick with details and basement in light gray granite.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite


The Cheesewring, a granite tor on the southern edge of Bodmin Moor, Cornwall

[notbatman]

Fractional crystallisation serves to reduce a melt in iron, magnesium, titanium, calcium and sodium, and enrich the melt in potassium and silicon – alkali feldspar (rich in potassium) and quartz (SiO2), are two of the defining constituents of granite.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon



Spectral lines of silicon

[notbatman]

Silica is often deposited in plant tissues, such as in the bark and wood of Chrysobalanaceae and the silica cells and silicified trichomes of Cannabis sativa, horsetails and many grasses.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_sativa


The flower of a hybrid Cannabis indica plant

[Gleb Gamow]

Granitoids are a ubiquitous component of the crust. They have crystallized from magmas that have compositions at or near a eutectic point (or a temperature minimum on a cotectic curve). Magmas will evolve to the eutectic because of igneous differentiation, or because they represent low degrees of partial melting. Fractional crystallisation serves to reduce a melt in iron, magnesium, titanium, calcium and sodium, and enrich the melt in potassium and silicon – alkali feldspar (rich in potassium) and quartz (SiO2), are two of the defining constituents of granite.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon



Spectral lines of silicon

Silicon is an essential element in biology, although only tiny traces of it appear to be required by animals. However, various sea sponges as well as microorganisms like diatoms and radiolaria secrete skeletal structures made of silica. Silica is often deposited in plant tissues, such as in the bark and wood of Chrysobalanaceae and the silica cells and silicified trichomes of Cannabis sativa, horsetails and many grasses.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_sativa


The flower of a hybrid Cannabis indica plant

With the exception of quoting more than one sentencing, thanks for the otherwise excellent contributions, notbatman. Nice leapfrogging as well: Granite --> Weed. 

Cannabis strains with relatively high CBD:THC ratios are less likely to induce anxiety than vice versa.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety


A marble bust of the Roman Emperor Decius from the Capitoline Museum. This portrait "conveys an impression of anxiety and weariness, as of a man shouldering heavy [state] responsibilities".

[Gleb Gamow]

The theologian Paul Tillich characterized existential anxiety as "the state in which a being is aware of its possible nonbeing" and he listed three categories for the nonbeing and resulting anxiety: ontic (fate and death), moral (guilt and condemnation), and spiritual (emptiness and meaninglessness).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology


Augustine of Hippo (354–430), Latin theologian. His writing on free will and original sin remains influential in Western Christendom.

[Gleb Gamow]

Christian theology’s preeminent place in the university began to be challenged during the European Enlightenment, especially in Germany.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment


French philosopher René Descartes (1596–1650)

[Gleb Gamow]

Frederick the Great (1712–86), the king of Prussia 1740–1786, saw himself as a leader of the Enlightenment and patronized philosophers and scientists at his court in Berlin.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia


Prussian King's Crown (Hohenzollern Castle Collection)

[Gleb Gamow]

The main coat of arms of Prussia, as well as the flag of Prussia, depicted a black eagle on a white background.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_eagle


Purple-faced leaf monkey juvenile attacked by a Black eagle and dead

[Gleb Gamow]

The Indian giant squirrel has been noted as a prey of this species and young bonnet macaques may also fall prey to them.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_giant_squirrel


Photograph of Ratufa indicus, taken in the Malabar Region of southwest India.

[Gleb Gamow]

The underparts and the front legs are usually cream colored, the head can be brown or beige, however there is a distinctive white spot between the ears.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beige


A "beige" AT&T telephone.

[Gleb Gamow]

Cosmic latte is a name assigned in 2002 to the average color of the universe (derived from a sampling of the electromagnetic radiation from 200,000 galaxies), given by a team of astronomers from Johns Hopkins University.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer


The Astronomer by Johannes Vermeer (c. 1668)

<nobatman in 5...4...3...  >

[Gleb Gamow]

An astronomer is a scientist who studies celestial bodies such as black holes, moons, planets, stars, asteroids, comets, nebulae and galaxies, as well as Gamma-ray bursts and cosmic microwave background radiation.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst


Artist's illustration of a bright gamma-ray burst occurring in a star-forming region. Energy from the explosion is beamed into two narrow, oppositely directed jets.

[Gleb Gamow]

Depending on its distance from Earth, a GRB and its ultraviolet radiation could damage even the most radiation resistant organism known, the bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans


A tetrad of D. radiodurans

[Gleb Gamow]

It can survive cold, dehydration, vacuum, and acid, and is therefore known as a polyextremophile and has been listed as the world's toughest bacterium in The Guinness Book Of World Records.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records


Lucky Diamond Rich is "the world's most tattooed person", and has tattoos covering his entire body. He holds the Guinness world record as of 2006, being 100 percent tattooed.

[Gleb Gamow]

Chain letters are also not allowed: "Guinness World Records does not accept any records relating to chain letters, sent by post or e-mail. If you receive a letter or an e-mail, which may promise to publish the names of all those who send it on, please destroy it, it is a hoax. No matter if it says that Guinness World Records and the postal service are involved, they are not."

<apologies for the breaking the rule of ONLY one sentence, but a quote was in play, thus...>

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_letter


Top portion of a "Letter from Heaven," produced in England.

[Gleb Gamow]

Common methods used in chain letters include emotionally manipulative stories, get-rich-quick pyramid schemes, and the exploitation of superstition to threaten the recipient with bad luck or even physical violence or death if he or she "breaks the chain" and refuses to adhere to the conditions set out in the letter.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_Money_Fast


An Opte Project visualization of routing paths through a portion of the Internet

[Gleb Gamow]

According to the FAQ of the net.legends Usenet news group, Dave Rhodes was a student at Columbia Union College (now Washington Adventist University), a Seventh-day Adventist college in Maryland, who wrote the letter and uploaded it as a text file to a nearby BBS around 1987.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church


View from Lake Whitney Seventh-day Adventist camp

[zerorabbit23]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/95Thesen.jpg/150px-95Thesen.jpg

[Gleb Gamow]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism

Nice try, and thanks kindly for the input, but...

Adventist doctrine resembles trinitarian Protestant theology, with premillennial and Arminian emphases. Adventists uphold teachings such as the infallibility of Scripture, the substitutionary atonement, the resurrection of the dead and justification by faith alone, and are therefore often considered evangelical.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism


(The Ninety-Five Theses)

[Gleb Gamow]

The decline is attributed mainly to the dropping membership of the Mainline Protestant churches, while Evangelical Protestant and Black churches are stable or continue to grow.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_church


African American Baptist Church, Silver Hill Plantation, Georgetown County, South Carolina

[Gleb Gamow]

With the rapid growth of black Baptist churches in the South, in 1895 church officials organized a new Baptist association, the National Baptist Convention.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States


A Home on the Mississippi, Currier and Ives, 1871

[Gleb Gamow]

Southeastern United States: usually including the Carolinas, the Virginias, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida and at times Maryland and Delaware.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee


Autumn in Tennessee. Roadway to Lindsey Lake in David Crockett State Park, located a half mile west of Lawrenceburg