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What makes a blockchain-type of DB more secure than the others?
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The blockchain was designed for a specific purpose.
If you can determine the purpose, then you can answer your own question.
Comparing the blockchain to a type of database, is really the most basic layer of it.
See Wikipedia for their input:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlockchainI was said I could not base a serious research on Wikipedia. In my opinion, Wikipedia is nice and I have personally experienced how much effort/validation it takes to publish any text there, but I cannot help if the scientific society has doubts about it.
Could you suggest any professional article that compares the blockchain type of DB to the others?
Also, the question remains. How probably is it that there will be a more secure design than blockchain soon?
Yes, Wikipedia is not a scientifically approved cite-able source, but it is the collective
work of the community in an attempt to understand what the blockchain (and Bitcoin) is.
If you look at the bottom of the Wikipedia page, you should be able to find all the sources
they used and as such should be able to guide you toward answering your own questions.
Some of those sources cited will be scientific and etc.
But simply, the difference between a "blockchain" and a "database" comes down to a very
simple aspect: Trust. A blockchain is a DB where no one trusts each other and all parties
can write to the database without causing conflicts to other parties entries.
What is the probability that there will be new system better than the "blockchain" soon?
Not very high, but maybe in the far future it will be replaced with something that is
unimaginable now.