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岳飞后背上的“尽忠报国”四字,到底是谁给他刺上的?
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Topic: 岳飞后背上的“尽忠报国”四字,到底是谁给他刺上的? (Read 153 times)
UsoppSogeking
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岳飞后背上的“尽忠报国”四字,到底是谁给他刺上的?
June 30, 2017, 08:55:39 AM
#1
岳母刺字是流传千年,极富教育意义的故事。至今,它仍在激励着一代又一代的爱国青年前赴后继,为国为民奋勇向前。然而,岳飞背上是不是有刺字?是否为岳飞母亲所刺?直到今天仍存有分歧与疑议。关于岳飞背刺“尽忠报国”四字的事情,最早见于《宋史-何铸传》,岳飞蒙冤入狱,何铸在审讯他的时候,“飞袒而视之背,背有旧涅“尽忠报国”四大字,深入肤理。”
按宋代军制,岳飞身上有刺字是情理之事。历代封建王朝按照罪犯所犯罪行的轻重程度给以笞、杖、徒、流、死等五种惩罚。宋王朝不但沿用了五刑制度,而且创立了刺配法,并且进行了广泛应用。最早刺配只适用于死刑犯,后来流罪、徒罪也开始用刺配法。
为了使流离失所的壮年男劳力不会聚集造反,宋政府实行荒年募兵制。当兵虽然可以勉强糊口,却是份低贱的职业,一个重要的表现就是必须要在脸上刺字。在当兵的脸上刺字始于五代,这么做是为了防止新兵逃跑避服兵役。与罪犯享受同等待遇,显然是种奇耻大辱,“好铁不打钉,好男不当兵”的俗谚始于宋代。
宣和末年金人南侵,河北遍地烽烟,宋廷四下招兵买马。为保家卫国,19岁的岳飞应征入伍(岳飞祖籍河南汤阴,宋时属河北),成了一个战士。但据专家考证称,岳飞应募的是“效用士”,是负责侦察的特种兵,因此脸上没有刺字。但从《宋史-何铸传》的记载来看,岳飞后背上的刺字显然是有些时候了,否则不会“深入肤理”。但从史料记载来分析,岳飞母亲只是普通农妇,十之八九是文盲,而且刺字在宋代是专业性很强的一门手艺,不是随便一个人就能操作的事情。
关于岳母刺字的故事,元明时期还没有流传。但已经有了岳飞背上刺字的文字,明嘉靖刊本《大宋中兴演义》中,只是说岳飞在靖康间,见胡马纵横,宋兵畏怯,有绿林豪杰来请功夫高强的岳飞入山为寇。岳飞义正辞严拒绝道:“大丈夫不著名于史册,而为鼠窃狗盗,偷生于世,可乎?”。于是找了人在背上刺“尽忠报国”四个大字,“以示不从邪之意。”在演义中,岳飞后背的字是请人刺的,是为了表示与绿林盗贼划清界限。
明末,冯梦龙编撰《精忠旗》传奇中,岳飞背上的字是手下大将张宪帮他刺的。当岳飞脱了衣服露出脊背时,张宪却不忍心下手,推辞道:“怕老爷疼痛。”岳飞闻言大怒,道:“我岳飞死且不惧,怕什么疼痛!”张宪这才狠心动手。刺了字用墨涅毕,张宪问起原因:“老爷固然立志报国,何苦忍此疼痛?”岳飞斩钉截铁道:“如今为臣子者,都则面前媚主,背后忘君,我今刻此四字于背上呵,唤醒那忘主背君的,要他回顾。”很显然,这是冯梦龙在借岳飞之口针砭时弊,抨击明末贪生怕死的降清官员。
直到清康熙五十三年(1714)《如是观传奇》的抄本中,才出现了岳母刺字的情节。其第九出中有岳母唱词云:“起来,我将‘精忠报国’刺入你皮肤了。你当日夜牢记,念君奋力把胡酋退,念亲及早把捷书寄”。在这里,岳飞背上的刺字已经讹传为“精忠报国”了。另一个关于岳母刺字的记载是刊行于清光绪丁酉年(1897)的《唐门岳氏宗谱》,书中云:“飞至孝,靖康初,始见高宗。母涅其背曰‘尽忠保国’。既而飞留妻养母,从高宗渡河。”在岳飞后人的家谱中,“尽忠报国”成了“尽忠保国”。
岳母刺字故事的定型,应该是清初钱彩《说岳全传》第二十二回“刺精忠岳母训子”。书中对此事有着绘声绘色地描述:岳飞“将衣服脱下半边。安人取笔,先在岳飞背上正脊之中写了‘精忠报国’四字,然后将绣花针拿在手中,在他背上一刺,只见岳飞的肉一耸,安人道:‘我儿痛么?’岳飞道:‘母亲刺也不曾刺,怎么问孩儿痛不痛?’安人流泪道:‘我儿!你恐怕作娘的手软,故说不痛。’就咬着牙根而刺。刺完,将醋墨涂上了,使永远不退色的了。”岳母刺字的事情是真是假无足轻重,重要的是,岳飞“尽忠报国”的爱国主义精神永不褪色。
jixiaozhao
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Re: 岳飞后背上的“尽忠报国”四字,到底是谁给他刺上的?
June 30, 2017, 10:28:58 AM
#2
长知识了
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