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庞涓并非死于马陵之战
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Topic: 庞涓并非死于马陵之战 (Read 157 times)
chenh0109
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庞涓并非死于马陵之战
August 18, 2017, 06:52:14 AM
#1
庞涓并非死于马陵之战
谈到马陵之战,很容易联想到孙膑和庞涓,还有《史记·孙子吴起列传》中“庞涓死于此树之下”那经典的一幕。不过,现存史料中,只有《史记》认为庞涓参与了马陵之战,其他记载则并不支持《史记》的观点。
对于太子申参加马陵之战的经过,《战国策·宋策》记载:
魏太子自将,过宋外黄。外黄徐子曰:“臣有百战百胜之术,太子能听臣乎?”太子曰:“愿闻之。”客曰:“固愿效之。今太子自将攻齐,大胜并莒,则富不过有魏,而贵不益为王。若战不胜,则万世无魏。此臣之百战百胜之术也。”太子曰:“诺。请必从公之言而还。”客曰:“太子虽欲还,不得矣。彼利太子之战攻,而欲满其意者众,太子虽欲还,恐不得矣。”太子上车请还。其御曰:“将出而还,与北同,不如遂行。”遂行。与齐人战而死,卒不得魏。
《史记·魏世家》有相似的记载:
魏伐赵,赵告急齐。齐宣王用孙子计,救赵击魏。魏遂大兴师,使庞涓将,而令太子申为上将军。过外黄,外黄徐子谓太子曰:“臣有百战百胜之术。”太子曰:“可得闻乎?”客曰:“固愿效之。”曰:“太子自将攻齐,大胜并莒,则富不过有魏,贵不益为王。若战不胜齐,则万世无魏矣。此臣之百战百胜之术也。”太子曰:“诺,请必从公之言而还矣。”客曰:“太子虽欲还,不得矣。彼劝太子战攻,欲啜汁者众。太子虽欲还,恐不得矣。”太子因欲还,其御曰:“将出而还,与北同。”太子果与齐人战,败于马陵。齐虏魏太子申,杀将军涓,军遂大破。
通过对比不难发现,《史记·魏世家》只是在《战国策·宋策》的基础上加入了战争起因和庞涓的事迹,然而太史公加入的这些内容却都是错的。
首先,《史记·魏世家》弄错了战争的起因。据《竹书纪年》、《战国策》等书记载,战争的起因是魏伐韩(下文有详述)。太史公在此混淆了桂陵之战和马陵之战。
其次,《史记》中战国时期齐国世系、年代多有错误,齐国当时的君主是齐威王(前355年-前320年在位);
再次,庞涓应该是死于公元前353年的桂陵之战。《吕氏春秋》载:“钻荼、庞涓、太子申不自知而死。”银雀山汉墓出土的《孙膑兵法·禽庞涓》记载魏将环涂(即“钻荼”)参与了桂陵之战,田忌、孙膑在此战中“禽庞涓”;《孙膑兵法·陈忌问垒》提到孙膑“取庞涓而禽太子申”。两处“禽”字的含义应该相同,“禽”字本身就有斩杀之意,如《说苑·权谋》云:“故武王顺天地,犯三妖而禽纣于牧野。”史载商纣王死后被周武王斩首,据此推论,钻荼、庞涓应该都死于桂陵之战。
Jenny Moll
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Re: 庞涓并非死于马陵之战
August 19, 2017, 12:02:41 AM
#2
还原历史真相,这是一个史学家应有的情怀。
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