Look at the destination address in a block explorer.
If you don't see your transaction, then it has not been sent or you sent to a different address.
If you see your transaction, but it is "unconfirmed", then you just have to wait.
If you see your transaction and it is confirmed, then something is wrong with your wallet (maybe it just needs to be refreshed), or the address is not in your wallet and you sent the bitcoins to some other wallet.
Would backing up exodus before the btc showed up effect this? Also does that 12 word phrase include all crypto currency I buy or is it specific to eth? What would you guys do in this situation? It was $266 worth of btc...
Backing up the wallet does not affect its operation. Typically, the 12-word phrase is specific to the wallet and is used for all the currencies that the wallet tracks.