Are you talking about SHA256? The wiki is always a good place to start for that:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-2If you're talking about something more specific to BTC, there are three places that hashes are used that I can think of, off the top of my head:
(1) 80-byte block headers {sha256(sha256((...)}
(2) Full transactions {sha256(sha256(...))}
(3) Converting public keys to BTC addresses {ripemd160(sha256(...))}
You can see illustrations of a full Transaction (2) and the conversion from ECDSA public key to BTC address (3) in my post:
https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=29416.0