What is a fake bitcoin?   People send altcoins all the time, so the immediate answer is yes   

There are many types of wallets.

Hosted wallet.   Desktop wallets (online/offline).   Mobile wallets (online/offline).   Hardware wallets.    Paper wallets.

The hardest ones to hack into is the ones without a path for hackers to reach.

Start reading up on the way bitcoins are common stolen and you'll be able to be more careful protecting it.

Yes, it will delete your wallet.dat file.   Get or borrow a sata to usb adapter and try to get a copy of it before applying any fix.

Recycle a raspberry pi, install wordpress, register a dyndns subdomain, build the site, profit.

Upgrade to yearly paid domain.  Break even.

Upgrade to monthly paid vps.  Eat the remaining cost.

The fee is usually proportional to the size of the transaction.   If there are a lot of sources that you got bitcoins from, to make a transaction, the fee will be higher.   Its hidden in the background, but it sums up all the inputs needed to get to the desired amount.

Check the address on blockchain.info to make sure a virus didn't take your money.   If it is still there, start up bitcoin core with the rescan option to sync the wallet with the blockchain.

For data at rest protection, look into veracrypt.   It will let you do both full disk encryption or mount a hidden volume where you can keep sensitive data.  Then password protect your wallet file for extra protection.

Nice.   That was probably $250 back in April'14, $1400 now.    Glad to hear you were able to revive that.

The 0.5 is likely sitting in a change address controlled by your wallet.    You should be able to spend it if that is true.

Blockchain.info already knows about it, use a different site to rebroadcast.

On second look, it appears that the upstream transactions have not cleared.  The atm is trying to send you funds it doesn't own yet.   You'll need to repeat this exercise for all unconfirmed inputs.  Follow the breadcrumb toward the source addresses.

Try rebroacasting the transaction.   You can grab the raw transaction from blockchain.info (add "?format=hex" to the end of the url) and submit it through a few sites listed here:

https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1938621.0

That box in the picture on the first post is a computer.   You need a computer to run the software that makes it mine.

In some other photos here in this thread, you would have seen a powered usb 2.0 hub.    That provides better power to the 2Pac which some computers can't offer, especially with more than one device running (sometimes with just one).

Unless it is an split chain (very unlikely).   The rest of the conformation will arrive as blocks are found.

I'll went ahead and sent that over to ViaBTC for you (Acceleration succeeded).   Hopefully that clears up for you in the next few hours.

Based on the transaction from 4 months ago and that particular destination address of the tx, (after a little googling) you can come to the conclusion the private key to that address was bot monitored, even at that time.  

How it ended up in your wallet is still an open matter of concern, esp. if you didn't import it in yourself by mistake.

It was a little hard finding a self contained message signing page.   It shouldn't be. 
I cobbled a one pager together a sample based off of some js files I found from other projects.

http://mining.tipsternet.com/sign_message.html

If you don't want to install a full wallet, you can take this route.
Read through the page source and construct your own. 
With existing libraries, it can be compacted down to a few lines of javascript code.

It would seem that more recent report suggest this latest outbreak is a non-reversible attack.   It was built to destroy data.

It will work well with pre-order and pickup.   Someone should pitch the idea to Starbucks.

The fee influenced the duration until transaction completion on the bitcoin network.  It's not kept by the wallet program.  You can pick between LowPriority, Economy, Normal, Priority.