Bitcoin Forum
April 26, 2024, 08:59:15 AM *
News: Latest Bitcoin Core release: 27.0 [Torrent]
 
  Home Help Search Login Register More  
  Show Posts
Pages: « 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 [38] 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 »
741  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Altcoin Discussion / Re: New Major CryptoCoin project spotted "CureCoin" with screenshots on: November 07, 2013, 07:13:37 PM
Well according to the article its ASIC compatible, so no block for me.  Embarrassed

Do you have GPUs or CPUs instead? If so, you can protein fold with those, which will allow you to earn good quantities of CureCoin, comprable to ASIC mining with the same cost of hardware.



what pdoes it cure Huh

Good question! The GPUs and CPUs that join the network will protein-fold, which is a computation-based simulation of complex proteins that exist in the human body. Protein folding allows medical researchers to gain an awesome understanding of how proteins mis-fold and cause a variety of ailments ranging from Cancer to Alzheimers to Huntingtons.
742  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Announcements (Altcoins) / Re: [ANN] Troptions SHA256 Just Launched on: November 07, 2013, 04:16:19 AM
Yeah, download link seems to be a bit buggy... Sad Fixed Cheesy
743  Bitcoin / Mining speculation / Re: Is bitcoin really worth mining? CoinTerra and Cex.io Analyized on: November 03, 2013, 05:01:06 PM
Overall, if I am correct. CoinTerra's upcoming new technology and Cex.io cloud hashing is not worth it. Simply put, you won't break even.

The real question now is, "Will there actually be any profit in mining bitcoins?"
Holding onto history were the difficulty is "changing by about 'last change in % + 5%' to equal the next difficulty that changes about every 10 days or so.", by the 3rd change of difficulty in February, the difficulty factor will be 564632224929.
For demonstration purposes, I will pretend I pre-ordered the found here: http://cointerra.com/product/terraminer-iv-2ths-networked-miner-january-batch and it arrives by the end of February.
I will assume watt usage is 1200. As stated it should be around .6W/GH/s. (https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=287049.0)
Where I live electricity is about .3510 kWh
Since 1 change is about 5% additional from last change in %, I will assume there is a 15% change, BUT the change in difficulty will be significantly be much great. The loss of money will be greater than my calculations without any doubt. Again, due to the calculators limit in functions, this number is much  much lower than actual loss.

In summary: If you earn 25.00 BTC per block found with a value of $212.51 per BTC, mining with a difficulty of 564632224929.1992 at 2000000 Mh/s, power costing $0.3510 per kilowatt hour @ 1200 watts for the next 90 days, spending $5999 in startup costs:
I entered that data into: https://bitclockers.com/calc
The results were shocking.
I would be losing about $9.73 per day.

[...]

Overall, if I am correct. CoinTerra's upcoming new technology and Cex.io cloud hashing is not worth it. Simply put, you won't break even.

Interesting numbers. I'd like to point out your difficulty number, though. 564,632,224,929 difficulty. That's 564 BILLION. For reference, the next difficulty retarget is expected to be around 500 MILLION, or < 1/1000th of your estimated difficulty for February. Currently, that 500mil diff will represent, for simplicity, around 4PH of mining power. 4000PH of mining power wouldn't quite make it to your supposed number. 4000PH, 1EH, or 4,000,000TH. At a conservative cost of $1000 per TH (way lower than any ASIC manufacturer is promising, but certainly doable for an ASIC manufacturer to deploy their own systems...) that would mean that, between now and February, people would invest over 4 Billion dollars into mining hardware. As another point of reference, most people around the forums are predicting a difficulty of ~1 to 2 Billion by early/mid January. Not 564 Billion by late Feb.
744  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Announcements (Altcoins) / Re: [ANN][BLC] Blakecoin fast blake-256 Alt Coin for CPU/GPU/FPGA on: November 02, 2013, 04:23:33 PM
Oh man, wish I had been watching the network about 9 hours ago xD

Looks like difficulty is back on target, climbing....
745  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Altcoin Discussion / Re: True ASIC-proof Attack-Resistant CryptoCurrency Design on: November 01, 2013, 03:10:40 AM
short version: he wants to make a dynamic algorithm for the PoW so ASICs are infeasible to make. He proposes having some predefined functions, and at retarget time deciding which and/or in what order to apply them, thus generating a new PoW algorithm that will be used until next retarget.

Is that it?



I say it wouldn't work, because you can have an ASIC that has one circuit for each of the predefined functions and then link them together as needed. You don't need to hardwire each possible combination, ASICs can implement conditionals!

Digression on ASIC design: if you have a hardwired circuit for each of the predefined functions (each of the modules that you combine), the naive way is to simply run only one at a time or to have them run in parallel and then only keep the result of the one you want, and repeat to do the next step. This would work very well, but you would be wasting resources: it's possible to do a smarter design where you have a sort of superscalar pipelined architecture where you have all of the involved circuits running at the same time in parallel at different steps of the calculation. This would kick the CPU's and GPU's asses because -once the pipeline is full- all the big parts of the circuit are doing useful work at the same time: no waste!

The only path I see to "ASIC-hostility" is having a memory intensive algorithm... one could make trade-offs for calculations vs memory use, but either way it costs you transistors.

Interesting point, ASICs certainly can handle conditionals. I think this design would still make ASICs significantly more expensive and less efficient per area of board space, as, say, for example, that one of the algorithms needed step 18 done 6 times and step 4 done once, assuming each step was the same size, then the circuitry that does step 4 would be idle waiting for step 18 to go 6 rounds.

Perhaps a better idea would be to have the very circuit logic of each step change? So some times it would be something like (assuming given 8 16-bit chunks):
a = first 16, b = second 16, ... h = last 16
Then do circuit logic, such as A (a different, memory place-holder) = XOR(A,B)
Then do circuit logic, such as B (a different, memory place-holder) = XOR(B,C)
Then do circuit logic, such as C (a different, memory place-holder) = XOR(C,D)
Then do circuit logic, such as D (a different, memory place-holder) = XOR(D,E)
Then do circuit logic, such as E (a different, memory place-holder) = XOR(E,F)
Then do circuit logic, such as F (a different, memory place-holder) = XOR(F,G)
Then do circuit logic, such as G (a different, memory place-holder) = XOR(G,H)
Then do circuit logic, such as H (a different, memory place-holder) = XOR(H,A)
And then do some additional steps, don't feel like writing out an entire modular piece.

Then the next retarget, that step could be different, perhaps switching some of the XORs out for AND or ORs (trying to maintain balance...), switching out some of the digits, etc. We would need more data to draw from than the last block hash for the retarget, so perhaps the system could rely on a combination of the hashes of multiple of the past blocks in such a way that there would be enough granularity to allow all circuit-logic to be changed. So psuedo-code for the above would be something like:
a = first 16, b = second 16, ... h = last 16
Then do circuit logic, such as A (a different, memory place-holder) = Logic(something, somethingElse)
Then do circuit logic, such as B (a different, memory place-holder) = Logic(something, somethingElse)
Then do circuit logic, such as C (a different, memory place-holder) = Logic(something, somethingElse)
Then do circuit logic, such as D (a different, memory place-holder) = Logic(something, somethingElse)
Then do circuit logic, such as E (a different, memory place-holder) = Logic(something, somethingElse)
Then do circuit logic, such as F (a different, memory place-holder) = Logic(something, somethingElse)
Then do circuit logic, such as G (a different, memory place-holder) = Logic(something, somethingElse)
Then do circuit logic, such as H (a different, memory place-holder) = Logic(something, somethingElse)
And when retargeted, it would put something into each of Logic (AND, XOR, OR), and choose things for something, somethingElse based on block data.

You brought up a very good point, think an ASIC could handle the above efficiently? At this point, it'd almost have to have just chips dedicated to XOR, OR, and AND, which is pretty close to a specialized CPU.

I'm not sure I understand this last part, but I think that you are just complicating the "glue" logic that links all the modules together. That makes it harder for both the CPU and the ASIC, but the latter would still be efficient.
Also, I didn't care about entropy because it's not a problem if each of your basic modules is a well studied algo like SHA-x. But if you want to randomize the logic (using and/xor/or at random) them you have to start being careful about it.

Yes, entropy loss would be something to be aware of for sure, the idea though is that the CPU miner could easily recreate and recompile an optimized hashing function, whereas the ASIC would be reduced to simply switching between circuit logic, making each part/module-calculator of the ASIC in such a way that there would be too much granularity for a given function for it to be implemented at the circuit level.

Entropy would come into play where you would only have small areas that could be changed, although I suppose ASIC circuits could do the known parts, and feed those parts into CPUs for the too-granular parts, this would cause quite the bottleneck... Food for thought for sure. This certainly isn't a perfect idea, unfortunately. Sad
746  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Altcoin Discussion / Re: True ASIC-proof Attack-Resistant CryptoCurrency Design on: November 01, 2013, 02:50:21 AM
short version: he wants to make a dynamic algorithm for the PoW so ASICs are infeasible to make. He proposes having some predefined functions, and at retarget time deciding which and/or in what order to apply them, thus generating a new PoW algorithm that will be used until next retarget.

Is that it?



I say it wouldn't work, because you can have an ASIC that has one circuit for each of the predefined functions and then link them together as needed. You don't need to hardwire each possible combination, ASICs can implement conditionals!

Digression on ASIC design: if you have a hardwired circuit for each of the predefined functions (each of the modules that you combine), the naive way is to simply run only one at a time or to have them run in parallel and then only keep the result of the one you want, and repeat to do the next step. This would work very well, but you would be wasting resources: it's possible to do a smarter design where you have a sort of superscalar pipelined architecture where you have all of the involved circuits running at the same time in parallel at different steps of the calculation. This would kick the CPU's and GPU's asses because -once the pipeline is full- all the big parts of the circuit are doing useful work at the same time: no waste!

The only path I see to "ASIC-hostility" is having a memory intensive algorithm... one could make trade-offs for calculations vs memory use, but either way it costs you transistors.

Interesting point, ASICs certainly can handle conditionals. I think this design would still make ASICs significantly more expensive and less efficient per area of board space, as, say, for example, that one of the algorithms needed step 18 done 6 times and step 4 done once, assuming each step was the same size, then the circuitry that does step 4 would be idle waiting for step 18 to go 6 rounds.

Perhaps a better idea would be to have the very circuit logic of each step change? So some times it would be something like (assuming given 8 16-bit chunks):
a = first 16, b = second 16, ... h = last 16
Then do circuit logic, such as A (a different, memory place-holder) = XOR(A,B)
Then do circuit logic, such as B (a different, memory place-holder) = XOR(B,C)
Then do circuit logic, such as C (a different, memory place-holder) = XOR(C,D)
Then do circuit logic, such as D (a different, memory place-holder) = XOR(D,E)
Then do circuit logic, such as E (a different, memory place-holder) = XOR(E,F)
Then do circuit logic, such as F (a different, memory place-holder) = XOR(F,G)
Then do circuit logic, such as G (a different, memory place-holder) = XOR(G,H)
Then do circuit logic, such as H (a different, memory place-holder) = XOR(H,A)
And then do some additional steps, don't feel like writing out an entire modular piece.

Then the next retarget, that step could be different, perhaps switching some of the XORs out for AND or ORs (trying to maintain balance...), switching out some of the digits, etc. We would need more data to draw from than the last block hash for the retarget, so perhaps the system could rely on a combination of the hashes of multiple of the past blocks in such a way that there would be enough granularity to allow all circuit-logic to be changed. So psuedo-code for the above would be something like:
a = first 16, b = second 16, ... h = last 16
Then do circuit logic, such as A (a different, memory place-holder) = Logic(something, somethingElse)
Then do circuit logic, such as B (a different, memory place-holder) = Logic(something, somethingElse)
Then do circuit logic, such as C (a different, memory place-holder) = Logic(something, somethingElse)
Then do circuit logic, such as D (a different, memory place-holder) = Logic(something, somethingElse)
Then do circuit logic, such as E (a different, memory place-holder) = Logic(something, somethingElse)
Then do circuit logic, such as F (a different, memory place-holder) = Logic(something, somethingElse)
Then do circuit logic, such as G (a different, memory place-holder) = Logic(something, somethingElse)
Then do circuit logic, such as H (a different, memory place-holder) = Logic(something, somethingElse)
And when retargeted, it would put something into each of Logic (AND, XOR, OR), and choose things for something, somethingElse based on block data.

You brought up a very good point, think an ASIC could handle the above efficiently? At this point, it'd almost have to have just chips dedicated to XOR, OR, and AND, which is pretty close to a specialized CPU.
747  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Altcoin Discussion / True ASIC-proof Attack-Resistant CryptoCurrency Design on: November 01, 2013, 01:07:26 AM
Some people in another thread thought this was an interesting idea, so I'm gonna expand on it a bit. Before I lose you when you see the wall of text, the basic idea is that the algorithm(s) hard-coded into cryptocurrences are hard-coded into the ASIC chips. If this algorithm dynamically changed in a non-predictable fashion, ASICs would be MUCH harder if not impossible to design, and would certainly, if designed, be orders of magnitude less efficient than their static counterparts.

CryptoCurrency mining is essential. It's how the network continues. It creates blocks, which, to simplify, hold chunks of transactions, inputs and outputs that move money around. A currency is useless if you can't spend it. You can't spend current cryptos without putting the transaction into a block. You can't put the transaction inside a block if no one is making blocks. The trouble comes when people's ability to create blocks is abused. This can be done by a multitude of people in a variety of ways for many different reasons. Someone doesn't like a competing currency? A business that deals with monetary transactions doesn't like the system as they can't control it? A corrupt government wants to destroy free currency? They could execute a 51% attack, and rewrite the attacked parts of the chain. It's important to note that, given enough computational power, a knowledgeable person could rewrite the  blockchain back to the latest client-hard-coded and network-accepted block. They would release new blocks at a higher difficulty than the original chain, and would 'fork' or replace blocks on the chain.

51% attacks involve a ton of computational power, and a ridiculous amount of electricity. However, for a large vested interest, they're certainly not out of the question, no matter the coin. If a large institution really wanted to take down Litecoin, for example, they could develop a high-memory ASIC chip made for Scrypt(1024,1,1) calculations. And they could mine faster than the current network is mining. Sure, it would be expensive. But they also have a lot of money.

Another problem is the ASIC mining scene. Mining was developed to be free, distributed, open to anyone. However, due to the advent of ASIC devices, mining has been consolidated. It has become a rich-get-richer game. People have lost fortunes investing in ASICs with no clear delivery dates or ROI. While this is a part of free market, many see it as undesirable, myself included. I personally have invested significant money into ASICs, and for the most part, I'm happy with my investment. This isn't some deep-seated hatred towards ASIC companies, but rather a general analysis of the negative effects ASICs have had on the blockchain. Unlike consumer-oriented hardware (such as CPUs and GPUs), ASICs are not widely-available to consumers, they aren't carefully monitored for safety, and they don't have large, reliable companies behind them. It's rare that someone runs a scam around making their own GPU chips and selling them, haven't seen it yet. However, it's important to note that many scammers latch onto the idea of making fake ASIC companies to rip consumers off.

However, these above points aren't even the most important focus. They all revolve around the mining. Sure, mining is important, but it isn't the whole coin. Although it's rather unlikely due to the nature of hashing algorithms, what if a way of reversing SHA256 became possible? Let's step back and take a wider look at what hashing algorithms are. To simplify it, imagine I have a function called multiply. It accepts two numbers, and returns the result of multiplying them together. There's nothing special. Even this is, in its simplest form, a hashing algorithm. It loses some sort of data, some sort of understanding. Given this, say I call mult(6, 9). It returns 54. Now, it's trivial to list the possible inputs to mult(something, somethingelse) to give me 54, right? You could have (1,54), (2,27), (3,18), and (6, 9). Sure, 6,9 is in there. However, without any additional context, you can't tell me for sure which one is the original input. You could even say that the above possibilities all result in a collision--where two inputs result in one output.

Now, let's look at an actual example of how this loss of data results in protection. Hashing algorithms rely on circuit logic at some level. If you want some additional details, you can check out http://m.metamorphosite.com/one-way-hash-encryption-sha1-data-software. At any rate, say we have a XOR function. XOR (Exclusive-OR, which says that true,true = false, true,false = true, false,true=true, and false,false=false. Let's change this to binary:
1010010110101101 XOR:
0110101100101011 =:
1100111010000110

Given 1100111010000110, you could tell me all the possibilities for input. There are quite a few of them. As a result, it's hard to reverse. Now, imagine that both of those input lines were the result of other such functions, building a reverse tree feeding system. And the inputs for those came from circuit logic. Quickly, the possible sample area for brute-force reversing the algorithm becomes unthinkably large. However, if you were able to successfully reverse an algorithm like this, you would end up with a list of inputs that collide--give identical output for different inputs.

Understanding the complexity of the algorithm, it's hard to prove for sure that there isn't a method by which to reverse it. If a reversal mechanism was discovered for the algorithm, it would be a big deal. And given billions if not trillions of dollars at stake, if it's possible, it's likely someone will find a way. No matter your faith (or lack thereof) in modern cryptographic one-way hashing functions, creating a currency, it would be nice to build it in such a way that a broken hash function wouldn't be the end of the project/crypto currency.

How to protect against 51% attacks
51% attacks, as explained earlier, rely on the ability to create blocks at a higher difficulty than the network itself can produce. One powerful step forward in preventing 51% attacks and further distributing mining/block production has been the idea of Proof-Of-Stake, where you can mine blocks with hashing power, but a large percentage of blocks are also created by owning large amounts of the currency. As a result, anyone who wanted to 51% attack the coin would have to have a significant portion of stake in the coin, and would therefore be at an economic disadvantage by attacking. However, for large institutions, it may still make financial sense (in a twisted way) to invest millions, or even billions, into a currency, for the ability to destroy it.

Proof of Stake is a strong contender. However, another issue with 51% attacks is a group's ability to obtain ridiculous amounts of computational power. For simplicity, considering a coin that only has proof of work (hashing) and no proof of stake, say the total hash rate is 1TH. Each 7970 can generate 500MH. If someone could create an ASIC, it's not at all unlikely for them to easily be able to obtain 1TH of computational power. Considering only electrical consumption, an ASIC for Bitcoin currently is somewhere around 200-400x more efficient than GPUs for the same hash rate. This enables a long-term attack to only require a large initial investment. In perpetuity, even if a GPU farm of 1TH was somewhat cheaper to make, for a long-term effective 51% attack, power consumption would become a major price. Therefore, we can conclude that ASICs make the network easier to attack.

Many people will tell you that the advent of ASICs make Bitcoin more secure. This is true. This is because Bitcoin is vulnerable to ASICs, the network is protected when ASICs are in the hand of normal people, as it makes an ASIC-based attack harder. However, Bitcoin would be better off not even being able to have ASICs made for it. A smaller financial investment would protect the network with the same power, and a huge attack on Bitcoin would instead require exorbant amounts of consumer hardware rather than being able to pay a large initial investment, and then run the attack for a long time cheap. GPUs use a lot of power. We're talking an increase in orders of magnitude. GPUs cost much more to run over a period of time, making costly attacks even more costly. This exorbant amount of electricity would make a long-term attack infeasible, and would make short-term attacks much more expensive. If interested to the point where the party wanting to take over the network was willing to make their own GPUs to lower cost/unit, they would be consuming a large amount of power to run such a big farm, and the added complexity of creating GPUs or high-performance CPUs, even geared towards a specific purpose, would make the cost per unit much higher for the business.

If an ASIC can be created for a coin, then the coin is the most secure if ASICs have been made for it. This is because, if ASICs are possible but not-yet-public, then a private group would require much less investment to pull off a successful attack. However, if ASICs are out in the wild, the private attack group would require much more ASIC hardware and electricity.

So, we have concluded that, to prevent 51% attacks, a mix of proof-of-stake block minting and an algorithm or algorithms that can't be calculated efficiently by ASICs.

Preventing reversal-attacks
Though unlikely, it would be potentially possible for an algorithm to be reversed, and, given this idea, we have to build a coin with the idea that one or two of the algorithms that we use might end up eventually broken. If a currency uses only one algorithm, then that one algorithm being reversed would essentially spell doom for the currency. Patches could be applied and a new version released, but almost all faith would be lost in the currency, and when stakes are in the billions or trillions of dollars, a network hiccup like this is a HUGE deal, and would likely spell the end of public faith in crypto currencies.

The obvious solution to this is simply using multiple algorithms. However, there are some not-so-evident worries about using multiple hashing algorithms. The major one is entropy. Entropy is a measure of chaos. It's difficult to explain, but consider that we are generating random strings that are 16 characters long, and draw from a sample of 8 possible characters for each position. We would have 8^16 possibilities, so that would be our entropy. Hashing algorithms strive to be one-to-one mappings in a certain sample space of entropy. However, it's important to remember that, due to the data-losing nature of hashing algorithms, collisions are possible. To put this in scale, we have not yet found one single collision for SHA256. Don't let that deceive you, however, the math checks out in that it is most likely vulnerable. As a result, the hashing function is considered to lose entropy, or output less entropy than is put in. To put this in perspective, this then says that, if run enough, trillions upon trillions upon trillions of SHA256 functions would likely result in any input being converted to one single output. Since the entropy loss carries from round to round, if we could find the exact average entropy loss of the function, we could predict how many functions would needed to be calculated on a single input. However, that is neither the point nor the intention of this talk. Instead, I want to present the fact that running the same algorithm a ridiculous amount of times isn't smart. SHA256(SHA256("input")) isn't bad. Entropy loss is minimal and can be ignored. It's not a problem, we don't have to worry about it. However, we would have to worry if, for example, SHA256 was calculated a ridiculous number of times.

New algorithms are touted to have very little entropy reduction, however it's a hard concept to prove. The existence of collisions is not surprising, but finding one is. However, if in making a new coin that used a bunch of nested algorithms (say hashing algorithms a,b,c,d,e,f,g,and h) in such a fashion as a(b(c(d(e(f(g(h(input)))))))) would result in the output having something slightly lower than the lowest-entropy algorithm. So the only weakness of this system is one of the algorithms losing a significant portion of entropy over the sample area of the input.

While not a huge concern, this entropy reduction would have to be accounted for, perhaps even if only to make sure that, in a sample set of significant size (millions or billions) of hashes, collisions don't occur.

So, if we have 8 hashing algorithms, then all 8 would have to be broken to attack the network using reversal. For example, if a was reversible, then an attacker could, theoretically, only have to do b(c(d(e(f(g(h(input))))))). However, if any of the other non-outer-layer hashing algorithms were broken, it wouldn't at all affect the network security in reversing hashes, as it would most likely be faster to compute a hash rather than reverse a potentially-accepted output. Therefore, you would put your weakest algorithm in the center, and your strongest on the outside. Additionally, entropy-permitting, you could nest multiple times, so that a,b,c,d,e,f,g,and h all get run hundreds of times in the hashing process per completed 'hash round'. This idea enables an attack on function a to be orders of magnitude less significant, as a would still be calculated normally in all of the times it was used except for 1. So, nesting multiple algorithms, if done right, only strengthens the currency against algorithm reversal, and any losses in entropy are minimal and insignificant.

Alright, so you do a bunch of functions. Couldn't an ASIC be programmed to do that?
Certainly! We require another change to become ASIC-resistant or even ASIC-proof. Dynamic algorithms. Yes. a,b,c,d,e,f,g, and h have to change in a pre-determined but un-predictable manner. This doesn't mean that the dev changes the code every six months and has other people rewrite miners. This means the network itself reorganizes the hashing functions. In order for this to work, the hashing functions would have to be modular to an extent. And when the network retargets difficulty, it would also retarget the hashing algorithm. It would, based on data from the latest retarget block hash, systematically create a new hashing algorithm by rearranging the modular portions of the hashing algorithms. Say, for example, that algorithm A does a ton of stuff, and then has 32 different modular steps. Each step has a negligible affect on entropy. Based on, say, the last sixteen bits of the retarget block (block right before the retarget) are used to determine the order of the steps. In some way that would be easy-to-calculate for clients, but impossible to predict before the retarget block is mined, the hashing algorithm's steps would be reorganized based on those bits. For example, maybe each bit (a one or a zero) determines which step is used first. If we have 16 1's (so 1111111111111111 was the last 16 bits of the retarget-worthy hash), then we'll do step 7 first, but if we have 15 1's, we'll do step 3 first, etc.). This counting method would be nice as it wouldn't line this first modular piece up with the next way to determine the 2nd step, which, for example, could be based on the number of 1's in the first four and last four bits, etc). If each algorithm had 32 different modular components, some of which could be used multiple times, each algorithm would have a huge number of possible orders. As a result, it would be impossible infeasible to design an ASIC for each possibility. Some steps could be high-memory, so from when the high-memory algorithm is pushed to when it retargets, CPU miners would have an advantage. Other steps would be extremely low-memory, and when those were selected instead, GPUs would have an advantage. However, on average, the algorithms would lie nicely balanced, with some high-memory steps, but not enough to push GPUs out of the game, while still allowing CPUs a bit of room to play catch-up. As a side-note, the order in which algorithms are performed could be changed at the algorithm-level as well as at the hash level, so a could change, and a could be before b, when other times b could be before a, even though both times a is a different-but-similar algorithm consisting of a number of steps.

This dynamic idea would require GPU miners, as I understand it, to recreate a kernel and recompile in order to be efficient. However, if programmed correctly, this could be automatic and only result in minimal downtime during retarget blocks. Retargeting should be done often enough that an ASIC couldn't be produced during the algorithm's lifetime (2 weeks is way more often than necessary at this point in time, but might be a nice number simply because even an ASIC would be a pipe-dream) and would have to be long enough that GPU miners wouldn't be constantly shutting down to recreate kernels, etc.

Finally, it's important to note that such a network of evolving hashing algorithms would require significant thought in the algorithm design.
Some of the steps could be tried-and-true algorithms such as SHA256, blake, keccak, etc. Others could be created specifically to allow modularity by design in steps. The step order would be similar to a salt in function, but different in implementation. In order to create a secure-but-usable dynamic algorithm system, some algorithms could remain constant but buried-deep in the algorithm, and constantly reordered so that an ASIC couldn't be created to do a portion of the hashing function without excessive latency with having an ASIC do part of a hashing algorithm and a GPU or cpu do the other part, which is completely infeasible due to, as mentioned, latency. ASICs are effective because they can check the hashes themselves, they aren't sending billions of hashes back to the computer to check per second. The bandwidth of sending a billion hashes per second (1TH) to the computer for checking would be a minimum of 8TB of data per second. ASICs wouldn't be useful, even if they were able to do a portion of the hashing, especially if that portion was nested inside, and required sending from the ASIC to general-computing devices and back multiple times.

Sorry about the wall of text. It takes a while to explain this idea, and the people most likely to be interested would read this whole thing, I hope. If you have any additional questions, PM me. If you want to create this algorithm, be my guest, I would love to see it implemented. I don't currently have the programming skills required to complete this project, I simply wanted to introduce the idea so that perhaps someone with the particular skill-set required would pick up the lead.
748  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Altcoin Discussion / Re: Multiple Hashing Algorithms Make a Coin More Secure? on: October 31, 2013, 02:12:23 AM
Hashing algorithms become irreversable due to their 'loss' of data. Consider some simple circuit logic:

1101001101010110 XOR 0110101000011000 = 1011100101001110. However, given 1011100101001110, you couldn't give me, with certainty, the two inputs that were XOR'd together. To simplify this further, let's take the example of multiplication. If I give you 6 and 9, you can quickly tell me '54'. However, if I gave you 54, you wouldn't be able to tell me which two numbers I multiplied together. You could guess, and you could give me a list of possibilities, and one of them would likely be correct. However, consider doing this 'stacked' thousands of times. The idea is that, as you continue to guess all the possible inputs, and all the possible inputs to create those inputs, your search area grows exponentially. This is, of course, a very vague simplification of the internals of a hashing function, but it gives an idea as to how they work. If someone does figure out some sort of shortcut for the algorithm, they could very easily mine faster, but this isn't a likely possibility. If someone was able to find some method of actually reversing SHA256, then the coin would certainly be more secure having multiple hashes.

For example, say we were just considering a normal password, rather than something for bitcoin. Say our password is 'passw0rd12345' (pretty great, right?). Hashing functions aim to be one-to-one mappings, however this isn't quite the case. This means, of course, that if a hash output was 16 characters of hexadecimal long, it has a total of 16^16th possibilities for outputs. However, you need to understand the idea of collisions, and the idea of entropy. Entropy is the 'randomness' for lack of a better term of a system. It's a measure of chaos. If I have a ACTUALLY random string of 100 characters, each of which can be either an a or a b, I have 2^100 entropy, or a 2^100 sample space. Now, given SHA256 has 16^64 bits of entropy if it existed as a perfect hashing function. A hashing function can only reduce entropy. If my input has more than 16^64 bits of entropy, then it is automatically reduced to the entropy of the hashing function. Since SHA256 isn't perfect and doesn't fully live up to its potential entropy (aka it has collisions, where two inputs give one output/the same output, although one has yet to be found), each SHA256(string) has some loss of entropy. If we continually feed data into a SHA256 loop (SHA256(SHA256(SHA256(SHA256......(string)....)))) we slowly lose entropy.

While having six or seven hashing functions would ensure that, if some of the hashing functions were compromised, the network would continue to function properly. For example, if you has a(b(c(d(e(string))))), where a, b, c, d, and e are all hashing functions, and b was compromised, that doesn't compromise the entire system, quite clearly. But, if you get too complex with the layering of hashing functions, you can carelessly loose entropy. Someone, to make such a coin, would have to make sure that all the hashing algorithms provide the required entropy, and that one of them critically reduce entropy due to a bug. It's certainly an idea worth implementing for someone who has the skills and knowledge, but it would just have to be done carefully.

Additionally, I think the idea of multiple algorithms has another interesting use--ASIC-resistant networks. Imagine a coin which was able to reorganize the hashing algorithms in order, complexity, length, entropy, etc. based on blockchain data. For example, say we have six hashing functions, a-f. For 100 blocks, the network could use a(c(d(e(a(c(d(b(a(f(f(e(f(c(info)))))))))))))). Then, the network could switch to a(d(f(e(c(a(f(d(b(b(b(b(a(c(info))))))))))))). It would be hard to design an ASIC to do this. However, it's still perfectly dooable. Now, imagine if the network could change the actual algorithm behind a. Maybe, a would have an injected starting value of the last 16 bits of the retarget block. Or perhaps the order of XOR, AND, and OR in the algorithm would be remixed depending on orders dictated by some pre-determined number of bits in the retarget block. Every client would be able to calculate the required hashing algorithm data and could mine with it. GPUs, CPUs would fairly easily adapt to changes, although mining software might be a bit of a PITA to write. However, creating an ASIC that is capable of changing the very circuit logic that backs the algorithms would be nearly impossible, given the static nature of ASIC chips.

People keep complaining about not having a way to be ASIC-resistant. If a developer was willing to put in the time and money, they could certainly create a coin which could never have ASICs created for it (unless the idea of ASICs were reinvented).
749  Economy / Computer hardware / Re: [WTB] Broken Graphics cards... or working on: October 30, 2013, 08:59:03 PM
I have a 7950 with a burnt pin. Interested at all?
750  Economy / Service Announcements / Re: ** STEAM GAMES FOR BITCOIN ** huge list, prices lower than retail ** NEW GAMES! on: October 29, 2013, 04:09:59 PM
@Vorksholk
It's already added and waiting for you ;-)
https://www.bitmit.net/en/item/64502-call-of-duty-ghosts-steam-gift

@DarkHyudrA
Still one week to official release. :-)


Thanks Cheesy Purchased!
751  Economy / Service Announcements / Re: ** STEAM GAMES FOR BITCOIN ** huge list, prices lower than retail ** NEW GAMES! on: October 29, 2013, 01:00:22 PM
COD:Ghosts preorder? Smiley
752  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Altcoin Discussion / Re: [WTB] COD:Ghosts Pre-order ($60 version) [BLC] [XPM] on: October 29, 2013, 02:46:35 AM
Bump.                                           
753  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Altcoin Discussion / Re: [WTB] COD:Ghosts Pre-order ($60 version) [BLC] [XPM] on: October 28, 2013, 11:13:19 PM
I think that you posted this in the wrong section.
Have a look at: https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?board=51.0

Hey Xanis! I would post there, but since I'm buying with alt-currencies the people here are most likely to be familiar with, I posted it in the Alternate Cryptocurrency sub-forum.
754  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Altcoin Discussion / [WTB] COD:Ghosts Pre-order ($60 version) [BLC] [XPM] on: October 28, 2013, 10:21:45 PM
Hello! COD:Ghosts is coming out soon, and it looks like it'll be at least a bit fun.

If anyone wants to sell it to me (as a Steam preorder gift), I will pay for it with either 115 XPM (currently about $81) or with 410 Blakecoins (which are admittedly fairly hard to mine now, this might be a good investment, but no promises). PM me or post here if you are interested. Smiley
755  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Announcements (Altcoins) / Re: [ANN][BLC] Blakecoin fast blake-256 Alt Coin for CPU/GPU/FPGA on: October 28, 2013, 02:46:35 AM
need a pool Roll Eyes


Pools are hopefully coming pretty soon Smiley Roll Eyes
756  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Altcoin Discussion / [Blakecoin] BlakecoinMinerGUI Setup Guide on: October 28, 2013, 01:27:05 AM
Hello! I made a simple GUI wrapper for reaper, which helps to take much of the confusion out of mining.





Pre-requisites:
-Windows
-An AMD GPU
-AMD GPU Drivers installed (13.9 tested working)
-Java installed

Pools:
There are currently no Blakecoin pools. Instead, you can set up Blakecoinas a server, so you can solo-mine.
To setup solo mining:
1.) Simply download blakecoin-qt here: http://blakecoin.org/Blakecoin-0.8.6-WIN.7z.
2.) Click on the start button, and enter "%appdata%". If you are on Windows 8, show hidden files (Control Panel > Folder Options > 2nd tab > Show hidden files and folders), then navigate to C:/Users/You/AppData/Roaming
3.) Make a new text file called 'blakecoin.conf'. If notepad is being annoying with always saving as .txt format, when you do 'save as', choose 'All files.'
4.) Enter the following into this file:
rpcuser=username
rpcpassword=password
rpcport=9200
rpcallowip=127.0.0.1
server=1

5.) (make sure you change username to a username you want to use, password to a password you want to use, and 127.0.0.1 to something else if you intend to have multiple miners mine to this machine. You can use an asterisk * if you want to allow all IPs to access it, however this makes your wallet much less secure.)
6.) Save the configuration file.
7.) Start blakecoin-qt.exe
8.) Wait for blockchain to download
9.) All done!

-->If you need additional help with solomining setup, let me know, or visit https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=83371.0, which is a guide for litecoin solo mining, and can be easily adapted.
When pools are created, I will list them here, and they can be used rather than having to bother with the above instructions!

GPU Miner setup:
1.) Download the GPUMiner from here: http://www.blakecoinmining.com/BlakecoinMinerGUI.zip
2.) Extract the download once it completes
3.) Launch 'BlakecoinMinerGUI.jar'
4.) When prompted for your pool URL, enter '127.0.0.1' (without the quotes) for the pool URL IF YOU HAVE YOUR WALLET RUNNING ON YOUR MINER. Otherwise, enter the IP of the computer on your network that is running your blakecoin wallet configured as shown above for solomining.
5.) For the pool port, enter the port that is set as 'rpcport=someport' in your blakecoin.conf. If you followed the above example, this number is 9200.  
6.) For the username, enter the username as set above, same as for the password popup.
7.) Once you are at the main screen, press 'Start' to begin mining!

Explanation of Fields:
Total Hashes: this is the total number of hashes your miner has calculated since the application launched. Not very useful, but a cool statistic to look at!
Hashrate: Your current hashrate, measured in MH/s. For a 7950, somewhere around 2000 MH/s is expected.
Aggression: The aggression reaper is using. The higher it is, the higher hash rate you will get. The lower it is, the more stable and usable your card will be for desktop performance. Default is 28. Click on it to change it to another number. Smiley
Pool: URL and Port (separated by a ":") that you are currently connected to and mining to
Worker: Current worker.

Why the graph?
If the graph looks like on straight line, you're good. If there's small bumps, you're good. If it's a crazy wave pattern, your GPU isn't mining very stable!

Why did the graph and hashrate drop to zero for a few seconds?
Periodically, BlakecoinMinerGUI will restart reaper, in order to get you the best hashrate. This is not a problem, unless it happens more than a few times per hour.

What's the bar to the side?
It's a graphical representation of your current hash rate, on a scale from 0 (bottom) to 6000.

What happens if my hashrate is over 6000MH/s?
Your GUI will look a bit strange. Smiley


Total Downloads: 20
757  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Announcements (Altcoins) / Re: [ANN][BLC] Blakecoin fast blake-256 Alt Coin for CPU/GPU/FPGA on: October 28, 2013, 12:59:38 AM
http://www.blakecoinmining.com/BlakecoinGUIMiner.zip <--- Compiled Binary
http://www.blakecoinmining.com/BlakecoinGUIMinerSource.zip <-- Source

Will put up more detailed information later.
Here's a screenshot:






758  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Altcoin Discussion / Re: [Blakecoin Bounties] Get Blakecoin By Making Something! on: October 27, 2013, 03:04:20 PM
Blakecoin mining pool bounty upped to 550BLC. Cheesy
759  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Announcements (Altcoins) / Re: [ANN][BLC] Blakecoin fast blake-256 Alt Coin for CPU/GPU/FPGA on: October 27, 2013, 01:37:45 PM
Wow, difficulty is flying; 6200 and counting!



It fluctuates, sometime it's in 3000's and all the way 6000's.

True, hour retargets lead it to fluctuate a fair amount while the coin is young, but network hashrate is certainly going up nicely Cheesy.
760  Alternate cryptocurrencies / Announcements (Altcoins) / Re: [ANN][BLC] Blakecoin fast blake-256 Alt Coin for CPU/GPU/FPGA on: October 27, 2013, 01:20:17 PM
Wow, difficulty is flying; 6200 and counting!

Pages: « 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 [38] 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 »
Powered by MySQL Powered by PHP Powered by SMF 1.1.19 | SMF © 2006-2009, Simple Machines Valid XHTML 1.0! Valid CSS!