If someone wants to pull-off this trick of locking bitcoins as a forced mean of hodling then putting restriction on UTXO using CLTV opcode is a better way to do so than locking transaction with nLocktime. In this way, there won't be a issue of transaction being dropped from mempool.

I like it!


Man! You doing some real business out there.

No need to make a withdrawal. Blockless-blockchain technology takes care of that. I just search for you on fNFT explorer and I can see that you got 480 BTC, 3 tuna fish and a half bottle of brandy in your refrigerator.

Yes! That's correct.


ECDSA algorithm takes two inputs, digest (double-SHA256 hash) of the transaction serialization and private key. It then produces 2 values as output - r and s. r and s are usually 32-byte values. Depending upon the values of R and S, we need to follow certain rules while encoding the raw transaction. BIP-66 has defined the rules for strict DER-encoding of signatures. Due to these rules, the length and bytes of the signature may differ from transaction to transaction. Some of the rules are:

1. Value of S - The value of s as yielded by ECDSA algorithm can be very large. But as per the current standard, its value should be less than: 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF5D576E7357A4501DDFE92F46681B20A0. If it is higher than that then it is required to be converted into low s (s'). In order to find low s, we have to subtract s from n (parameter in secp256k1 curve). Hence,



2. Null byte if R as 32-byte signed integer is negative - This rule directly effects the length of signature. If the value of r as 32-byte signed integer is negative, we would append null byte i.e. 0x00 in front of it. This would make the length of r equals to 33 bytes.

The format of DER-encoding (in hexadecimal) is: 30 + length of signature + 02 + length of R + R + 02 + length of S + S

If R as 32-byte signed int is negative, signature will look like this:

If R as 32-byte signed int is positive, signature will look like this:

Signature is then followed by an additional byte known as sighash flag denoting which part of the transaction is signed. The most common flag is 0x01 which depicts that all the inputs/outputs are signed. This is then followed by one more byte which denotes the length of public key. If the public key is compressed then its length will be 33 bytes which is denoted by 0x21 followed by public key.

The whole signature and public key serialization is preceded by a byte which denotes the length of the serialization. It can be either 0x48 or 0x47 depending upon the value of R. Hence, whole serialization will look like this:

As you can see that the function has defined the type of `password` and `salt` parameters as Uint8Array. Uint8Array is a handy way to store and work with bytes in JS (and TS).

In Bitcoin, message and salt are provided as ASCII characters which are then converted in Binary during PBKDF2 function. These values are then used as parameters in pseudorandom function which is iterated c number of times.

The above library is first converting ASCII characters into hexadecimal and then storing each byte as 8-bit unsigned integer in Uint8Array.

You're a good player. Well played. I agree with you, everyone was playing very defensively at bubble. It should have ended 20-30 minutes earlier than actual.

I was busy at work so my father played from my account. I watched the final table from another account. He was running really lucky. With that luck and defensive play from the remaining players, he should have pushed others and crush small stacks quickly, especially when others were calling minimum with cards like Q7, lol. Nevertheless, win is win! I'm surprised as well as pleased that he won.

Uniswap is not an ICO platform. It is meant to be used as an exchange which works on liquidity pool model. In order to make your token tradable, you need to add both token and base currency (ETH) in the pool on Uniswap.

If you want to directly sell your tokens as ICO, you need to create a contract. There is a standard for it: ERC-20, which defines the standard format of token contract creation on Ethereum blockchain. With the smart contract, you can directly add functionality that if the contract address receives 1 ETH, it will issue X units of your token back to the address. Everything will act automatically.

If moderator/admin locks the topic, can the creator of the topic unlock it again?

Hey, welcome to the forum! I'm glad you liked the topic.


Yeah! This will be one time taxable event. You will only be liable to pay tax on the profit made i.e. the difference between the amount you withdraw from WazirX and the amount you sent to another person in P2P trade. If you are fine paying tax and only want to hold bitcoins then you don't even need P2P. You can purchase bitcoins via WazirX/Binance, send those to your private wallet and hold for as long as you want, no one will ask you a question. Transfer those btc back to Binance, sell and withdraw. It will still be one taxable event which can be short-term or long-term capital gain depending upon the holding period.


If you have done KYC on Binance then all of your crypto transactions are separate taxable events. Suppose, you buy BTC worth $5000 by depositing Rs. 3.75 lakh and sell it for $7000 on Binance few months later and buy ETH with the proceeds. Then, you sell ETH after few months for $10000. Then, finally withdraw Rs. 8 lakh to your bank. Here, you have made 2 taxable events:

1. Bitcoin buy/sell = Suppose, USD worth Rs. 76 on the day you sell btc. Then, your profit = 7000*76 - 3,75,000 = 5,32,000 - 3,75,000 = 1,57,000
2. Ether buy/sell = profit = 8,00,000 - 5,32,000 = 2,68,000

Another factor to consider here is the timing of the transactions. If all transactions are made in a single financial year then you can report all transactions as a single taxable event. Income Tax Act gives you option to report all your short-term capital gains from a single source as a single transaction. So, suppose you buy btc on 25th May, 2021 and sell it for eth on 29th Sep, 2021 and finally sell eth on 3rd Feb, 2022 and withdraw the final balance to bank on the same day then you can simply report the whole transaction as single-event in your income tax return as STCG:

Sale of cryptocurrencies:
Net Proceeds = 8,00,000
Purchase Price = 3,75,000
Profit = 4,25,000

But imagine that from the above example, you don't sell eth on 3rd Feb, 2022. Instead, you sell it on 15th April, 2022. Now, this transaction becomes the taxable event of Financial Year 2022-23. So, you have to report the profit on btc sale of Rs. 1,57,000 in Financial Year 2021-22 (even if you haven't withdrawn any money to the bank) and the profit on eth of Rs. 2,68,000 in Financial Year 2022-23 as two separate events.

Hope this clears some things for you. You are welcome to ask more doubts.
And the most important thing: Government can (may) bring strict guidelines for the crypto transactions anytime with a law. Whatever, I have written above and in this topic may become entirely irrelevant if government decides to specifically provides rules for crypto transactions. Let's see how it rolls. For the time being, this is the best way you can report your crypto transactions, pay tax and remain outside the radar of authorities.

The fees estimates on this site is awfully high! I see that the estimates are not swiftly adjusting on this site according to the blocks mined.

I like this site - https://mempool.space, the fees estimate on this website adjusts quickly as soon as new block is mined.

Nice infographic! Where did you get this one?

Just putting the address on the profile doesn't increase the chance of brute force by any mean. Blockchain on whole is publicly available. Hacker would be better off searching the addresses loaded with bitcoins on Block Explorer rather than lurking the profile pages to target one.

About compromising identity, yeah, I agree to some extent but again how is this different from posting your address on facebook or twitter profile? It's a public forum and others will only know what you wanna share with them. Adding an address to the profile can be a good practice if you only want to use it for your forum identity and stuffs but can be a very bad practice if you use the same address to hold your all bitcoins or withdraw directly from it to the KYCed-Exchange.

How can you say bitcoin is getting out of the reach of common man? Reliance share worth ₹53 twenty years ago. Now it is valued at ₹2100. But you can still invest ₹1000 in Reliance share like you could do twenty years ago. Only difference would be that you will only receive 0.476 units of share instead of 18.868 units.

Same goes to bitcoin. Instead of thinking about the per unit value, we should discuss the potential of bitcoin and what it can still achieve. It is very much possible that the value of bitcoin further grows 4-10x in next couple of years. It is still just getting started.

Ain't this the game which destroyed our BTTS multi-bet last time?
I am rooting for Atalanta as well. Will Ilicic start tonight? He was the biggest reason for Atalanta's success last year. But since his horrific self-realization period, he isn't up to his game. Nevertheless, he's one of my favorite player and I want him to destroy Real the same way, he destroyed Valencia in CL Round of 16 last season.

In Spain, the title race is getting more brewed! First three teams are separated by just 6 points. Atletico has dropped 9 points in last 6 league games. Real is running better than Atletico but still far from perfect. Barcelona has suddenly become invincible and haven't lost in last 17 games (just 6 points dropped)! This is easily the strongest Barca I have seen since 2018 World Cup. 3-5-2 is working. My money is on Barcelona to win the league (however, vs. Real and vs. Atletico games yet to come).

Oh right! You were saying in the context to Raspberry Pi, I missed that part. I thought we discussing about running Bitcoin Core in command-line.

You should most probably go with the above posts suggesting to read 'Mastering Bitcoin' first. It will help you understand how Bitcoin works at low-level. It works on UTXO-model where every transaction creates new output and every node maintains the database of outputs which haven't spent yet. Unlike Bitcoin, most of the new cryptocurrencies work on state-model. In State-model, each node maintains same state (database), every transaction makes changes to the state and all nodes update their state based on the transactions. You can go with either approach and design your crypto project.

Now about language to choose, the good thing is that you don't have to learn all languages (C, C++, Python), you can literally make crypto project with any programming or scripting language you like. You mentioned that you know PHP and yes, you can use PHP standalone to code crypto project. Here's a Bitcoin implementation in PHP: Bitwasp. Some languages are surely bad choice to build Crypto Projects but since you currently want to build the project for study purpose, any languages will do fine. If the language is capable of handling a server and bi-directional real time communication then Voila!, you can code crypto project with it.

And don't start with the tutorials guiding you to build the tokens on Ethereum. It will lead you nowhere. It is dirt easy to create tokens on Ethereum, just few lines of Solidity coding (which you can do on web-based IDE known as Remix) and you can host tokens on the blockchain. But it won't serve the purpose. Learning to build crypto project means to learn how to create consensus algorithm, how to create consensus rules, how to create blockchain, how to create language (or system) for your blockchain (language which will execute your transactions using opcode and determine what to do with transactions).

Good Luck!

Indeed! For an average Windows/Mac user, terminal = geek thing. But with a little courage, it isn't that difficult. Especially, with the introduction of WSL, the life has become easier for Windows users. It took me around an hour with an online article to figure out how to setup WSL on my computer and how to download and run Bitcoin Core. Even without the deep understanding of Linux, I was able to run the commands (mostly through copy/paste) and successfully setup the full node. If people really wanna run the node, they don't have to install actual Linux OS or anything. Simple, WSL setup and downloading Ubuntu from Microsoft Store will do the task.

An important point to understand here: When you buy bitcoins on such exchanges, there is no real transfer made to you. Just like your userid and password, your balance is also just a number stored in their centralized database. Take this example to understand the things better:

Suppose, Person A deposits 5 bitcoins on Binance. To do so, he will send bitcoins to the deposit address shown in his 'funds' section on Binance from his personal wallet. Once, Binance receive those bitcoins, they will update the balance of Person A in their database and balance will start reflecting on Person A's account. Now, Person A sells 4 bitcoins on Binance and Person B buys those. Binance will then update the balance of Person B to 4 and Person A to 1. Important point to note here, bitcoins are not really transferred from Person A to Person B. Bitcoins are still in custody of Binance, only user balance has been updated in centralized database of binance. Now, Person B has the authority to withdraw 4 bitcoins to his personal wallet. Person B can use non-custodial wallet and go to the withdraw section, place the withdrawal of 4 bitcoins. Once, the withdrawal is processed, Binance will update the balance of Person B to 0 and make real on-chain transaction to Person B's personal wallet.

So, the working of centralized exchanges work on trust basis. There are several instances in past when the exchanges ran away with users' funds. But like you are saying that they can make transaction to some destination address, they don't even need to do so. They already have access to your coins without needing userid, password or anything. These authentications are from user-prespective, site owner already take the custody of the coins the moment user makes the deposit.

Barca's lineup from recent games, i.e. 3-5-2 looks much more strong defensively. They are able to keep clean sheet in 3 straight games without giving opposition much spaces to attack. However, as temping as this lineup is, they can't go with the same in PSG game. In my opinion, to have any chance of winning the draw, they should go with the following formation:



An attacking 4-2-3-1 formation. Although, I marked Griezmann as CF but we all know how it's in Barca. Messi and him exchanging positions dynamically. The advantage of this formation is that Barca can switch to new working 3-5-2 formation whenever they think they are losing the control. Depending upon which wing is attacking, the lineup can become one of the following:



Important Exclusions/Inclusions:

1. Dest - He has been superb in his new role as the right-midfielder. With Mingueza covering area behind him, he gets more chance and space to dribble forward and doing that superbly. But he hasn't been clinical in shooting. On the other hand, Trincao has been finding net frequently in recent league games. With 4 goal deficit to fill, I bet on Trincao over Dest anyday, even if it makes the squad weaker defensively.

2. Pedri - He has been the talk of this season. He has become such an important player that Koeman had played him in every Laliga and CL games except one. But Busquets is thriving in the new system and surely upper in the pecking order than Pedri. So, Buquets-De Jong in midfield would be best when 4 are playing upfront.

3. Umtiti - This may be one of the worst Laliga season for Clement Lenglet. He alone has cost Barca 4-6 points in the league. But even with his defensive mistakes, he's better than Umtiti any day. Since, Araujo isn't fit, Pique-Lenglet pairing would be ideal with Mingueza-Alba providing further cover.

If Barca fails to increase goal tally with the above formation, Koeman should make early substitutes (in 60-65th minutes) and bring on Braithwaite, Pedri and Dest in the place of Griezmann, Busquets and Mingueza. Depending upon performance, he can even replace Dembele/Trincao with Puig if necessary.

This in my opinion is the only possible plan for the remontada to happen. We can concede a goal or two but this formation is capable of getting 4-5 goals. Let's see what Koeman has in mind. 

Sweet and simple! Would be nice addition. Actually, it's a subset of HiLo game. Some casinos already have this as one of the option to choose in HiLo game.

Also, even if the casino is taking 1% from the winnings, it's still consider as 1% house edge. You can't say, your game has 0 house edge. It's no different than dice game with the following two options:
2.00x payout with 49.5% chance
1.98x payout with 50% chance

Also, the word 'commission' suits more if it's a Player vs Player game. But if it's against the house, the better word is 'edge'.