Health and Religion

[af_newbie]

How do you stop the expression of that selfish gene?  That is a very difficult task.

The only way to solve this evolutionary 'defect' is to develop artificial reproductive technology where we can control the outcome and produce individuals who would be incapable of being selfish. Eventually, 'messy, selfish biological offsprings' would die-off and you would have only selfless people who were manufactured to order.  Assuming the last 'selfish person' dies without abusing this technology, you'll end up with civilization that might be able to survive what is ahead of us.

How do you know selfishness/selflessness is the expression of a gene ?

People's personal traits seem to be genetic.  Why some siblings are born selfish (most of them) and some are selfless from the get-go?  They share the same environment so it is fair to assume that their selfishness or lack thereof is genetic.

Its a bit too empirical to be convincing for me

https://phys.org/news/2010-09-links-maternal-genes-selfish-behavior.html

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-people-naturally-inclined-to-cooperate-or-be-selfish/

https://news.nd.edu/news/new-studies-link-gene-to-selfish-behavior-in-kids-find-other-children-natural-givers/

Its still mostly empirical, doesnt show what protein this gene code for and how it influence a person behavior.

You are saying it as though it is an invalid conclusion.  They identified the gene variation: AVPR1A RS3 327 bp allele.

Everything in science is validated experimentally.  Not sure what your objection is, or is there?

[IadixDev]

How do you stop the expression of that selfish gene?  That is a very difficult task.

The only way to solve this evolutionary 'defect' is to develop artificial reproductive technology where we can control the outcome and produce individuals who would be incapable of being selfish. Eventually, 'messy, selfish biological offsprings' would die-off and you would have only selfless people who were manufactured to order.  Assuming the last 'selfish person' dies without abusing this technology, you'll end up with civilization that might be able to survive what is ahead of us.

How do you know selfishness/selflessness is the expression of a gene ?

People's personal traits seem to be genetic.  Why some siblings are born selfish (most of them) and some are selfless from the get-go?  They share the same environment so it is fair to assume that their selfishness or lack thereof is genetic.

Its a bit too empirical to be convincing for me

https://phys.org/news/2010-09-links-maternal-genes-selfish-behavior.html

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-people-naturally-inclined-to-cooperate-or-be-selfish/

https://news.nd.edu/news/new-studies-link-gene-to-selfish-behavior-in-kids-find-other-children-natural-givers/

Its still mostly empirical, doesnt show what protein this gene code for and how it influence a person behavior.

You are saying it as though it is an invalid conclusion.  They identified the gene variation: AVPR1A RS3 327 bp allele.

Everything in science is validated experimentally.  Not sure what your objection is, or is there?

They identify it empirically, not structurally. Science is also axiomatic reasoning. A collection of statistics never made a science. Almost anything can be proven with empiric method and enough cherry picking.

I still stand with edelman when he says the influence of genetics on the brain is not clear, and genetics doesnt code for brain développement.

So that mean selfishness is not dependant on the brain, which seem contradictory with things like mirror neurons Who seem to take part in "empathy" or certain social behavior.

[Mometaskers]

I understand the 2nd and 3rd points. High IQ people would likely be more conscientious and questioning of existing conventions which meant they're more likely to plan their families (and hence not have large ones) and be more secular. I don't understand why it would nudge them towards socialism though. Are you telling me the majority of people in Venezuela are above average IQ?

Anyway, don't let your religion kill you these holidays. Be easy on all the parties and on Christmas dinner.

Both the extremes of high and low IQ appear to nudge people towards socialism. Here is the original source for that point of discussion.

If that really is the case then that's good that both groups are outliers and the "normal people" outnumber them. I'm still a bit skeptical though, I think empathy/selfishness is a trait separate from intelligence.

For me intelligence is the same thing as empathy/consciousness. Its the ability to be aware of your surrounding. Some says the developpment of intelligence is more related to ability to live in large groups of individual rather than understanding physics with asperger syndrome.

Not necessarily. A psychopath might be intelligent enough to understand and predict people without feeling empathetic for them. I don't dispute that we became increasing intelligent to handle the complexities of larger society but it alone does not explain empathy. I would dare say empathy came first coz without it we wouldn't have formed groups in the first place.

[IadixDev]

I understand the 2nd and 3rd points. High IQ people would likely be more conscientious and questioning of existing conventions which meant they're more likely to plan their families (and hence not have large ones) and be more secular. I don't understand why it would nudge them towards socialism though. Are you telling me the majority of people in Venezuela are above average IQ?

Anyway, don't let your religion kill you these holidays. Be easy on all the parties and on Christmas dinner.

Both the extremes of high and low IQ appear to nudge people towards socialism. Here is the original source for that point of discussion.

If that really is the case then that's good that both groups are outliers and the "normal people" outnumber them. I'm still a bit skeptical though, I think empathy/selfishness is a trait separate from intelligence.

For me intelligence is the same thing as empathy/consciousness. Its the ability to be aware of your surrounding. Some says the developpment of intelligence is more related to ability to live in large groups of individual rather than understanding physics with asperger syndrome.

Not necessarily. A psychopath might be intelligent enough to understand and predict people without feeling empathetic for them. I don't dispute that we became increasing intelligent to handle the complexities of larger society but it alone does not explain empathy. I would dare say empathy came first coz without it we wouldn't have formed groups in the first place.

For me a psychpath is not intelligent He only think he is, and only focus on some narrow understanding of some part of people and consequences. Psychopath can be defined as not really conscious of the consequences of his action, so no fully intelligent. They still rarely end up as happy persons.

Even empathy in itself doesnt mean sympathy and ability to improve someone happiness its a passive thing, like intelligence is also a passive thing.

There is this concept also of cognitive empathy, which mean more or less ability to conceptualize empathic feeling, and also give more context on how to act on it, like they explain the example with a cat, if you see it meowing you can sense a disconfort with empathy but if you dont know what he eats,  how to get it etc, in itself its not very useful either.

Its also why intelligence comes with more complex languages, and ability to conceptualize more "states" and more complex situations and elaborate more complex cooperative strategies.

[af_newbie]

I understand the 2nd and 3rd points. High IQ people would likely be more conscientious and questioning of existing conventions which meant they're more likely to plan their families (and hence not have large ones) and be more secular. I don't understand why it would nudge them towards socialism though. Are you telling me the majority of people in Venezuela are above average IQ?

Anyway, don't let your religion kill you these holidays. Be easy on all the parties and on Christmas dinner.

Both the extremes of high and low IQ appear to nudge people towards socialism. Here is the original source for that point of discussion.

If that really is the case then that's good that both groups are outliers and the "normal people" outnumber them. I'm still a bit skeptical though, I think empathy/selfishness is a trait separate from intelligence.

For me intelligence is the same thing as empathy/consciousness. Its the ability to be aware of your surrounding. Some says the developpment of intelligence is more related to ability to live in large groups of individual rather than understanding physics with asperger syndrome.

Not necessarily. A psychopath might be intelligent enough to understand and predict people without feeling empathetic for them. I don't dispute that we became increasing intelligent to handle the complexities of larger society but it alone does not explain empathy. I would dare say empathy came first coz without it we wouldn't have formed groups in the first place.

For me a psychpath is not intelligent He only think he is, and only focus on some narrow understanding of some part of people and consequences. Psychopath can be defined as not really conscious of the consequences of his action, so no fully intelligent. They still rarely end up as happy persons.

Even empathy in itself doesnt mean sympathy and ability to improve someone happiness its a passive thing, like intelligence is also a passive thing.

There is this concept also of cognitive empathy, which mean more or less ability to conceptualize empathic feeling, and also give more context on how to act on it, like they explain the example with a cat, if you see it meowing you can sense a disconfort with empathy but if you dont know what he eats,  how to get it etc, in itself its not very useful either.

Its also why intelligence comes with more complex languages, and ability to conceptualize more "states" and more complex situations and elaborate more complex cooperative strategies.

I always thought that psychopaths "were clever", but it was probably due to the media conditioning. Reports of "evil geniuses" etc.

Scientific studies show that there is no correlation between intelligence and psychopathy.

They can be extremely intelligent and extremely dull, just like an average person.

https://www.psychologytoday.com/ca/blog/unique-everybody-else/201612/are-psychopaths-really-smarter-the-rest-us

[af_newbie]

How do you stop the expression of that selfish gene?  That is a very difficult task.

The only way to solve this evolutionary 'defect' is to develop artificial reproductive technology where we can control the outcome and produce individuals who would be incapable of being selfish. Eventually, 'messy, selfish biological offsprings' would die-off and you would have only selfless people who were manufactured to order.  Assuming the last 'selfish person' dies without abusing this technology, you'll end up with civilization that might be able to survive what is ahead of us.

How do you know selfishness/selflessness is the expression of a gene ?

People's personal traits seem to be genetic.  Why some siblings are born selfish (most of them) and some are selfless from the get-go?  They share the same environment so it is fair to assume that their selfishness or lack thereof is genetic.

Its a bit too empirical to be convincing for me

https://phys.org/news/2010-09-links-maternal-genes-selfish-behavior.html

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-people-naturally-inclined-to-cooperate-or-be-selfish/

https://news.nd.edu/news/new-studies-link-gene-to-selfish-behavior-in-kids-find-other-children-natural-givers/

Its still mostly empirical, doesnt show what protein this gene code for and how it influence a person behavior.

You are saying it as though it is an invalid conclusion.  They identified the gene variation: AVPR1A RS3 327 bp allele.

Everything in science is validated experimentally.  Not sure what your objection is, or is there?

They identify it empirically, not structurally. Science is also axiomatic reasoning. A collection of statistics never made a science. Almost anything can be proven with empiric method and enough cherry picking.

I still stand with edelman when he says the influence of genetics on the brain is not clear, and genetics doesnt code for brain développement.

So that mean selfishness is not dependant on the brain, which seem contradictory with things like mirror neurons Who seem to take part in "empathy" or certain social behavior.

Really?  Objectively?  Are you sure you know how science works?

Can you prove that Atum exists?

[IadixDev]

How do you stop the expression of that selfish gene?  That is a very difficult task.

The only way to solve this evolutionary 'defect' is to develop artificial reproductive technology where we can control the outcome and produce individuals who would be incapable of being selfish. Eventually, 'messy, selfish biological offsprings' would die-off and you would have only selfless people who were manufactured to order.  Assuming the last 'selfish person' dies without abusing this technology, you'll end up with civilization that might be able to survive what is ahead of us.

How do you know selfishness/selflessness is the expression of a gene ?

People's personal traits seem to be genetic.  Why some siblings are born selfish (most of them) and some are selfless from the get-go?  They share the same environment so it is fair to assume that their selfishness or lack thereof is genetic.

Its a bit too empirical to be convincing for me

https://phys.org/news/2010-09-links-maternal-genes-selfish-behavior.html

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-people-naturally-inclined-to-cooperate-or-be-selfish/

https://news.nd.edu/news/new-studies-link-gene-to-selfish-behavior-in-kids-find-other-children-natural-givers/

Its still mostly empirical, doesnt show what protein this gene code for and how it influence a person behavior.

You are saying it as though it is an invalid conclusion.  They identified the gene variation: AVPR1A RS3 327 bp allele.

Everything in science is validated experimentally.  Not sure what your objection is, or is there?

They identify it empirically, not structurally. Science is also axiomatic reasoning. A collection of statistics never made a science. Almost anything can be proven with empiric method and enough cherry picking.

I still stand with edelman when he says the influence of genetics on the brain is not clear, and genetics doesnt code for brain développement.

So that mean selfishness is not dependant on the brain, which seem contradictory with things like mirror neurons Who seem to take part in "empathy" or certain social behavior.

Really?  Objectively?  Are you sure you know how science works?

Can you prove that Atum exists?

Which protein this gene code for, how this protein affect selfishness ?

Correlation doesnt mean causality. Like absurd reasoning of socrates. Its like testing a program with unit test vs formal proof. The first doesnt prove a lot.

Already with epi genetic its not always meaningful to isolate a gene, because there can always be inhibitors or other genes that will affect a behavior as well.

Saying that there is an isolated gene responsible for such complex behavior seems a bit bold thats all. Is it like magic thinking or something ?

[af_newbie]

How do you stop the expression of that selfish gene?  That is a very difficult task.

The only way to solve this evolutionary 'defect' is to develop artificial reproductive technology where we can control the outcome and produce individuals who would be incapable of being selfish. Eventually, 'messy, selfish biological offsprings' would die-off and you would have only selfless people who were manufactured to order.  Assuming the last 'selfish person' dies without abusing this technology, you'll end up with civilization that might be able to survive what is ahead of us.

How do you know selfishness/selflessness is the expression of a gene ?

People's personal traits seem to be genetic.  Why some siblings are born selfish (most of them) and some are selfless from the get-go?  They share the same environment so it is fair to assume that their selfishness or lack thereof is genetic.

Its a bit too empirical to be convincing for me

https://phys.org/news/2010-09-links-maternal-genes-selfish-behavior.html

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/are-people-naturally-inclined-to-cooperate-or-be-selfish/

https://news.nd.edu/news/new-studies-link-gene-to-selfish-behavior-in-kids-find-other-children-natural-givers/

Its still mostly empirical, doesnt show what protein this gene code for and how it influence a person behavior.

You are saying it as though it is an invalid conclusion.  They identified the gene variation: AVPR1A RS3 327 bp allele.

Everything in science is validated experimentally.  Not sure what your objection is, or is there?

They identify it empirically, not structurally. Science is also axiomatic reasoning. A collection of statistics never made a science. Almost anything can be proven with empiric method and enough cherry picking.

I still stand with edelman when he says the influence of genetics on the brain is not clear, and genetics doesnt code for brain développement.

So that mean selfishness is not dependant on the brain, which seem contradictory with things like mirror neurons Who seem to take part in "empathy" or certain social behavior.

Really?  Objectively?  Are you sure you know how science works?

Can you prove that Atum exists?

Which protein this gene code for, how this protein affect selfishness ?

Correlation doesnt mean causality. Like absurd reasoning of socrates. Its like testing a program with unit test vs formal proof. The first doesnt prove a lot.

Already with epi genetic its not always meaningful to isolate a gene, because there can always be inhibitors or other genes that will affect a behavior as well.

Saying that there is an isolated gene responsible for such complex behavior seems a bit bold thats all. Is it like magic thinking or something ?

G-protein

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_1A

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein

[Mometaskers]

If that really is the case then that's good that both groups are outliers and the "normal people" outnumber them. I'm still a bit skeptical though, I think empathy/selfishness is a trait separate from intelligence.

For me intelligence is the same thing as empathy/consciousness. Its the ability to be aware of your surrounding. Some says the developpment of intelligence is more related to ability to live in large groups of individual rather than understanding physics with asperger syndrome.

Not necessarily. A psychopath might be intelligent enough to understand and predict people without feeling empathetic for them. I don't dispute that we became increasing intelligent to handle the complexities of larger society but it alone does not explain empathy. I would dare say empathy came first coz without it we wouldn't have formed groups in the first place.

For me a psychpath is not intelligent He only think he is, and only focus on some narrow understanding of some part of people and consequences. Psychopath can be defined as not really conscious of the consequences of his action, so no fully intelligent. They still rarely end up as happy persons.

(snip)

Well you can think whatever you want but they are not correlated. We have dumb psychopaths who end up in jail for stupid crimes and we have intelligent psychopaths who are sitting as CEOs of multinational companies. Being a psychopath don't automatically make one dumb, same way that being empathetic makes one smart. Multiple intelligences.

And that thing about happiness, it varies among individuals. You cannot claim someone is unhappy by using your own standard of happiness.

[BADecker]

Which protein this gene code for, how this protein affect selfishness ?

Correlation doesnt mean causality. Like absurd reasoning of socrates. Its like testing a program with unit test vs formal proof. The first doesnt prove a lot.

Already with epi genetic its not always meaningful to isolate a gene, because there can always be inhibitors or other genes that will affect a behavior as well.

Saying that there is an isolated gene responsible for such complex behavior seems a bit bold thats all. Is it like magic thinking or something ?

G-protein

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_1A

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein

And greed is brought about by anomalies in the genetic code. These days vaccines in infants cause it.

[IadixDev]

G-protein

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_1A

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein

GαsEdit

Gαs activates the cAMP-dependent pathway by stimulating the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) from ATP. This is accomplished by direct stimulation of the membrane-associated enzyme adenylate cyclase. cAMP can then act as a second messenger that goes on to interact with and activate protein kinase A (PKA). PKA can phosphorylate a myriad downstream targets.

The cAMP-dependent pathway is used as a signal transduction pathway for many hormones including:

ADH – Promotes water retention by the kidneys (created by the magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the posterior pituitary)GHRH – Stimulates the synthesis and release of GH (somatotropic cells of the anterior pituitary)GHIH – Inhibits the synthesis and release of GH (somatotropic cells of anterior pituitary)CRH – Stimulates the synthesis and release of ACTH (anterior pituitary)ACTH – Stimulates the synthesis and release of cortisol (zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal glands)TSH – Stimulates the synthesis and release of a majority of T4 (thyroid gland)LH – Stimulates follicular maturation and ovulation in women; or testosterone production and spermatogenesis in menFSH – Stimulates follicular development in women; or spermatogenesis in menPTH – Increases blood calcium levels. This is accomplished via the parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1) in the kidneys and bones, or via the parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2) in the central nervous system and brain, as well as the bones and kidneys.Calcitonin – Decreases blood calcium levels (via the calcitonin receptor in the intestines, bones, kidneys, and brain)Glucagon – Stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liverhCG – Promotes cellular differentiation, and is potentially involved in apoptosis.[21]Epinephrine – released by the adrenal medulla during the fasting state, when body is under metabolic duress. It stimulates glycogenolysis, in addition to the actions of glucagon.GαiEdit

Gαi inhibits the production of cAMP from ATP. eg. somatostatin,prostaglandins

Gαq/11Edit

Gαq/11 stimulates the membrane-bound phospholipase C beta, which then cleaves PIP2 (a minor membrane phosphoinositol) into two second messengers, IP3 and diacylglycerol (DAG). The Inositol Phospholipid Dependent Pathway is used as a signal transduction pathway for many hormones including:

ADH (Vasopressin/AVP) – Induces the synthesis and release of glucocorticoids (Zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex in kidney); Induces vasoconstriction (V1 Cells of Posterior pituitary)TRH – Induces the synthesis and release of TSH (Anterior pituitary)TSH – Induces the synthesis and release of a small amount of T4 (Thyroid Gland)Angiotensin II – Induces Aldosterone synthesis and release (zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex in kidney)GnRH – Induces the synthesis and release of FSH and LH (Anterior Pituitary)Gα12/13EditGα12/13 are involved in Rho family GTPase signaling (see Rho family of GTPases). This is through the RhoGEF superfamily involving the RhoGEF domain of the proteins' structures). These are involved in control of cell cytoskeleton remodeling, and thus in regulating cell migration.GβEditThe Gβγ complexes sometimes also have active functions. Examples include coupling to and activating G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channels.


Hlm ok 


Still its mostly empirical study

In a study of 203 male and female university students, participants with short (308-325 bp) vs. long (327-342) versions of RS3 were less generous, as measured by lower scores on both money allocations in the dictator game, as well as by self-report with the Bardi-Schwartz Universalism and Benevolence Value-expressive Behavior Scales; although the precise functional significance of longer AVPR1A RS3 repeats is not known, they are associated with higher AVPR1A postmortem hippocampal mRNA levels.[9]

[af_newbie]

G-protein

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_1A

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein

GαsEdit

Gαs activates the cAMP-dependent pathway by stimulating the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) from ATP. This is accomplished by direct stimulation of the membrane-associated enzyme adenylate cyclase. cAMP can then act as a second messenger that goes on to interact with and activate protein kinase A (PKA). PKA can phosphorylate a myriad downstream targets.

The cAMP-dependent pathway is used as a signal transduction pathway for many hormones including:

ADH – Promotes water retention by the kidneys (created by the magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the posterior pituitary)GHRH – Stimulates the synthesis and release of GH (somatotropic cells of the anterior pituitary)GHIH – Inhibits the synthesis and release of GH (somatotropic cells of anterior pituitary)CRH – Stimulates the synthesis and release of ACTH (anterior pituitary)ACTH – Stimulates the synthesis and release of cortisol (zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal glands)TSH – Stimulates the synthesis and release of a majority of T4 (thyroid gland)LH – Stimulates follicular maturation and ovulation in women; or testosterone production and spermatogenesis in menFSH – Stimulates follicular development in women; or spermatogenesis in menPTH – Increases blood calcium levels. This is accomplished via the parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1) in the kidneys and bones, or via the parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2) in the central nervous system and brain, as well as the bones and kidneys.Calcitonin – Decreases blood calcium levels (via the calcitonin receptor in the intestines, bones, kidneys, and brain)Glucagon – Stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liverhCG – Promotes cellular differentiation, and is potentially involved in apoptosis.[21]Epinephrine – released by the adrenal medulla during the fasting state, when body is under metabolic duress. It stimulates glycogenolysis, in addition to the actions of glucagon.GαiEdit

Gαi inhibits the production of cAMP from ATP. eg. somatostatin,prostaglandins

Gαq/11Edit

Gαq/11 stimulates the membrane-bound phospholipase C beta, which then cleaves PIP2 (a minor membrane phosphoinositol) into two second messengers, IP3 and diacylglycerol (DAG). The Inositol Phospholipid Dependent Pathway is used as a signal transduction pathway for many hormones including:

ADH (Vasopressin/AVP) – Induces the synthesis and release of glucocorticoids (Zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex in kidney); Induces vasoconstriction (V1 Cells of Posterior pituitary)TRH – Induces the synthesis and release of TSH (Anterior pituitary)TSH – Induces the synthesis and release of a small amount of T4 (Thyroid Gland)Angiotensin II – Induces Aldosterone synthesis and release (zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex in kidney)GnRH – Induces the synthesis and release of FSH and LH (Anterior Pituitary)Gα12/13EditGα12/13 are involved in Rho family GTPase signaling (see Rho family of GTPases). This is through the RhoGEF superfamily involving the RhoGEF domain of the proteins' structures). These are involved in control of cell cytoskeleton remodeling, and thus in regulating cell migration.GβEditThe Gβγ complexes sometimes also have active functions. Examples include coupling to and activating G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channels.


Hlm ok 


Still its mostly empirical study

In a study of 203 male and female university students, participants with short (308-325 bp) vs. long (327-342) versions of RS3 were less generous, as measured by lower scores on both money allocations in the dictator game, as well as by self-report with the Bardi-Schwartz Universalism and Benevolence Value-expressive Behavior Scales; although the precise functional significance of longer AVPR1A RS3 repeats is not known, they are associated with higher AVPR1A postmortem hippocampal mRNA levels.[9]

The brain is not a mathematical theorem.

[IadixDev]

G-protein

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_1A

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein

GαsEdit

Gαs activates the cAMP-dependent pathway by stimulating the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) from ATP. This is accomplished by direct stimulation of the membrane-associated enzyme adenylate cyclase. cAMP can then act as a second messenger that goes on to interact with and activate protein kinase A (PKA). PKA can phosphorylate a myriad downstream targets.

The cAMP-dependent pathway is used as a signal transduction pathway for many hormones including:

ADH – Promotes water retention by the kidneys (created by the magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the posterior pituitary)GHRH – Stimulates the synthesis and release of GH (somatotropic cells of the anterior pituitary)GHIH – Inhibits the synthesis and release of GH (somatotropic cells of anterior pituitary)CRH – Stimulates the synthesis and release of ACTH (anterior pituitary)ACTH – Stimulates the synthesis and release of cortisol (zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal glands)TSH – Stimulates the synthesis and release of a majority of T4 (thyroid gland)LH – Stimulates follicular maturation and ovulation in women; or testosterone production and spermatogenesis in menFSH – Stimulates follicular development in women; or spermatogenesis in menPTH – Increases blood calcium levels. This is accomplished via the parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1) in the kidneys and bones, or via the parathyroid hormone 2 receptor (PTH2) in the central nervous system and brain, as well as the bones and kidneys.Calcitonin – Decreases blood calcium levels (via the calcitonin receptor in the intestines, bones, kidneys, and brain)Glucagon – Stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liverhCG – Promotes cellular differentiation, and is potentially involved in apoptosis.[21]Epinephrine – released by the adrenal medulla during the fasting state, when body is under metabolic duress. It stimulates glycogenolysis, in addition to the actions of glucagon.GαiEdit

Gαi inhibits the production of cAMP from ATP. eg. somatostatin,prostaglandins

Gαq/11Edit

Gαq/11 stimulates the membrane-bound phospholipase C beta, which then cleaves PIP2 (a minor membrane phosphoinositol) into two second messengers, IP3 and diacylglycerol (DAG). The Inositol Phospholipid Dependent Pathway is used as a signal transduction pathway for many hormones including:

ADH (Vasopressin/AVP) – Induces the synthesis and release of glucocorticoids (Zona fasciculata of adrenal cortex in kidney); Induces vasoconstriction (V1 Cells of Posterior pituitary)TRH – Induces the synthesis and release of TSH (Anterior pituitary)TSH – Induces the synthesis and release of a small amount of T4 (Thyroid Gland)Angiotensin II – Induces Aldosterone synthesis and release (zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex in kidney)GnRH – Induces the synthesis and release of FSH and LH (Anterior Pituitary)Gα12/13EditGα12/13 are involved in Rho family GTPase signaling (see Rho family of GTPases). This is through the RhoGEF superfamily involving the RhoGEF domain of the proteins' structures). These are involved in control of cell cytoskeleton remodeling, and thus in regulating cell migration.GβEditThe Gβγ complexes sometimes also have active functions. Examples include coupling to and activating G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channels.


Hlm ok  


Still its mostly empirical study

In a study of 203 male and female university students, participants with short (308-325 bp) vs. long (327-342) versions of RS3 were less generous, as measured by lower scores on both money allocations in the dictator game, as well as by self-report with the Bardi-Schwartz Universalism and Benevolence Value-expressive Behavior Scales; although the precise functional significance of longer AVPR1A RS3 repeats is not known, they are associated with higher AVPR1A postmortem hippocampal mRNA levels.[9]

The brain is not a mathematical theorem.

Not yet, but its getting closer and closer

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology

[Ramesh Rao]

It is important to follow the religion to be healthy and it is necessary to be religious. Following religion gives us inner peace.